{"id":11249,"date":"2021-07-21T07:39:49","date_gmt":"2021-07-21T07:39:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=11249"},"modified":"2021-07-21T07:41:10","modified_gmt":"2021-07-21T07:41:10","slug":"tieng-viet-ky-dieu-hanh-trinh-tu-chu-nho-chu-nom-den-chu-quoc-ngu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=11249","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u: H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Nho, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/strong>
Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
_________________________________<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e3 h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0\u00a0H\u1ed3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng\u00a0N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta sau n\u00e0y hay d\u1edf c\u0169ng \u1edf ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0 lu\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y quy c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m ra th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u1ea5y cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Alexandre de Rhodes. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ghi c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Francisco de Pina, Ant\u00f3nio Barbosa, Gaspar do Amaral, Ant\u00f3nio de Fontes\u2026 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u1eebng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201cgi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi nay c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn \u1edf ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m ra ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean quan c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u1ea7n b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 s\u1edbm c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tri \u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ghi c\u00f4ng. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u00edt hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00eau ra kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t, mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*****<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3. \u1ede th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1eef \u00e2m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phong ph\u00fa, cho n\u00ean c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n dai v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ta ch\u1eadm c\u00f3 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfng ta gi\u00e0u ng\u1eef \u00e2m m\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta:\u00a0ch\u1eef Nho, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/span><\/strong><\/em>, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef \u1ea5y l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang s\u1eed v\u1ebb vang \u0111\u00e1ng \u00f4n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef<\/strong> Nho<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 TCN, phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c (TQ) chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, b\u1eaft d\u00e2n ta h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.[1]\u00a0Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi\u00a0ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/em>\u00a0\u2013\u2013 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n theo h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1i kh\u00f3 l\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4n: t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n<\/strong>. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00ec ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0\u00a0ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00fd<\/em>\u00a0(ch\u1eef ghi \u00fd, ideograph), t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd con v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 1, 2, 3 ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u $, %, \u2026 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u \u00fd \u0111\u00f3, tuy \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t,<\/strong> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m \u1ea5y l\u00e0\u00a0ch\u1eef Nho,<\/em>\u00a0t\u1ee9c\u00a0ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/strong> Khi \u1ea5y m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m (t\u1eeb) H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng \u00e2m H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m H\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ch\u1eef H\u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nay 2.000 n\u0103m c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3 Nho trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> (TQ \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m H\u00e1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m ra ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb n\u00ean d\u00e2n ta h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 coi ch\u1eef Nho l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef ta\u201d trong kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 n\u0103m. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi ch\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng k\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 (731-805) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed7 Tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf TQ, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng phong T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ti\u1ebfn sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01a1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ti\u1ebfp thu n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh TQ, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb<\/strong>; nh\u1edd th\u1ebf d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec v\u1eabn tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span>. Ch\u1eef Nho \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft \u00e2m m\u01b0u H\u00e1n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/strong> Sau h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, qua \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Nho, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i: v\u1eeba m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 d\u00f9ng, v\u1eeba l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ed5 sung v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n cho kho t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ef1c ra hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5:\u00a0l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, c\u1eadn ngh\u00e8o<\/em>\u00a0v.v\u2026). Khi c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb\u00a0quantum<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u91cf\u5b50, ta \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>, r\u1ea5t hay v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng H\u00e1n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19\u00a0phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, sau khi v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nho \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean\/H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c phi\u00ean \u00e2m theo ki\u1ec3u b\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e2m H\u00e1n, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf 100% t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m trong ch\u1eef H\u00e1n; b\u1edfi v\u1eady sau 7 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Hangul, cho t\u1edbi nay h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa c\u00e1c ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng theo \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u2013\u2013 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u1ec1 sau h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra ch\u1eef Kana bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng 2000 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m, qua \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/strong> V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u00e2m [yi] ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u00f3 135 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m, ta chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0\u00a0\u1ea5t, d\u1eadt, di, d\u0129, d\u1ecb, d\u1ecbch, du\u1ec7, \u00edch, y, \u00fd, nghi, ngh\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a, nh\u1ecb, \u1ee9c<\/em>,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Nho v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1eef Nho ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u1edf ta bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Nho, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft (b\u00fat \u0111\u00e0m) trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1eb9p, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i. V\u0103n th\u01a1 ch\u1eef Nho l\u00e0m theo ki\u1ec3u v\u0103n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/em>. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ta, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u0111i m\u01b0\u1ee3n, l\u1ea1ith\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t: ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi l\u00e0m ra lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u2013\u2013<\/em> ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m<\/em> (ch\u1eef ghi \u00e2m, phonograph), lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc theo \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u \u00fd v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m. V\u00ec ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi k\u00fd t\u1ef1 Latin abc<\/em> n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 vu\u00f4ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn) \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p hai ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n g\u1ee3i \u00e2m, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u2013\u2013 v\u1ec1 sau lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/em> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 vu\u00f4ng g\u1ed1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i gh\u00e9p v\u1ea7n, cho n\u00ean m\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p, ch\u01b0a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t \u00e2m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef v.v\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Ch\u1eef n\u00f4m<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0u \u00e2m ti\u1ebft n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Theo\u00a0t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 80.000 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m (?). \u201cB\u1ea3ng tra ch\u1eef N\u00f4m\u201d (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1976) cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 8.187 ch\u1eef. \u201cT\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i\u201d c\u1ee7a GS Nguy\u1ec5n Quang H\u1ed3ng (2015) c\u00f3 9.450 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m (g\u1ed3m g\u1ea7n 3.000 ch\u1eef t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o), ghi 14.519 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Do ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ch\u01b0a chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a n\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef, suy ra ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u (n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft) \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c \u00e2m<\/em>, t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a\u00a0ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta<\/em>\u00a0(ch\u1eef Nho ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). Nh\u01b0ng do c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00ean ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/strong> (bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nho m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m), kh\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp<\/strong>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa \u1edf ta m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n cho n\u00ean ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ch\u01b0a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy v\u1eady v\u0103n th\u01a1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, t\u1ee9c v\u0103n th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, do n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n v\u0103n th\u01a1 ch\u1eef Nho. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef N\u00f4m t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1eadu L\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17-19), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam<\/strong> (1491-1585), \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec3m<\/strong> (1705-48), Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Thi\u1ec1u<\/strong> (1741-98), Nguy\u1ec5n Huy T\u1ef1<\/strong> (1743-90), Nguy\u1ec5n Du<\/strong> (1765-1820), H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18-19), Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e1i <\/strong>(1777-1813), B\u00e0 Huy\u1ec7n Thanh Quan<\/strong> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19), L\u00fd V\u0103n Ph\u1ee9c<\/strong> (1785-1849), Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u<\/strong> (1822-88), Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn<\/strong> (1835-1909), Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf X\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong> (1870-1907), v.v. S\u00e1ch\u00a0Thi\u00ean Nam Ng\u1eef L\u1ee5c<\/em>\u00a0(cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17) g\u1ed3m 8.136 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t, d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi 58.212 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u: trong h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m sau khi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m vi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf ta, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec sao ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ghi \u00e2m r\u1ea5t r\u00f5, ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng ta\u201d. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi nay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ghi \u00e2m l\u00e0 do ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0u \u00e2m ti\u1ebft n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m ti\u1ebft (monosyllabic).[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef<\/strong> Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Francisco de Pina, Ant\u00f3nio Barbosa, Gaspar do Amaral, Ant\u00f3nio de Fontes,\u00a0Girolamo Maiorica, Alexandre de Rhodes v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. D\u00f2ng T\u00ean\u00a0ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129,v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 theo phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo ghi ch\u00e9p, Francisco de Pina \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1617, ba n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 so\u1ea1n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1o l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1632-1656,\u00a0Girolamo Maiorica\u00a0(ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft 45 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, trong \u0111\u00f3\u00a0Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p\u00a0hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n gi\u1eef 15 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 1,2 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m,[3]\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 52 l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef nh\u01b0\u00a0Gaspar do Amaral, Ant\u00f3nio Barbosa\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i n\u00ean d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129-b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef n\u00ean ghi \u00e2m ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf Nh\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean \u00e2m Latin h\u00f3a ch\u1eef Kanji bi\u1ec3u \u00fd (t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n) c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn khi phi\u00ean \u00e2m n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m Latin h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm n\u1ea3y ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m Latin h\u00f3a d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, phi\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ghi l\u1ea1i \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u2013\u2013 \u1edf th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin th\u00edch h\u1ee3p thay cho c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 vu\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c: 32 n\u0103m (1617-1649). N\u0103m 1617 Francisco de Pina \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, n\u0103m 1619 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft xong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Latin. N\u0103m 1631 Gaspar do Amaral \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u00e2m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, n\u0103m 1634 l\u00e0m xong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/strong> Trong m\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Macao (1630-1631), c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1649 Rhodes mang theo b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La (Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum<\/em>) r\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1651 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Roma, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam.[4]\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m Latin h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Linh m\u1ee5c Alexandre de Rhodes<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 ng\u1eef \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u\u00a0s\u1eafc, huy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecfi. ng\u00e3, n\u1eb7ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con ch\u1eef th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ng\u1eef \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef La tinh nh\u01b0\u00a0\u0103, \u00e2, \u00ea, \u01a1, \u00f4, \u01b0, \u0111<\/em>. B\u1ed9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 con ch\u1eef \u1ea5y l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u0169\u201d trong nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t\u00a0h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c: \u201cCh\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi phi\u00ean \u00e2m h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169, ch\u00e2n \u0111i gi\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. Th\u1ef1c ra \u201cm\u0169, gi\u00e0y\u201d \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nay \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 con ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/strong> V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef b\u1ecf d\u1ea5u. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ch\u01b0a ghi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ng\u1eaft c\u00e2u, ng\u1eaft \u0111o\u1ea1n, d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft hoa, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft v.v\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t; ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m d\u1ea7y c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin\u00a0\u2013<\/em>\u2013 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng,\u00a0ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Latin h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a<\/em><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3 th\u1eed th\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Nho, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec ch\u1eef Nho v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1582 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Matteo Ricci \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi H\u00e1n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. N\u0103m 1605 Ricci \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 sau, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ricci nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. N\u0103m 1958 \u1ee6y ban C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m ra Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n phi\u00ean \u00e2m (Pinyin) H\u00e1n ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa \u00e2m cho ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1986 \u1ee6y ban n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m thay cho ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n s\u1ebd do c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Hi\u1ec7n nay Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 c\u0169, c\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n Pinyin H\u00e1n ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngay t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, trong khi m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n cho t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m, c\u00f2n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n bi\u1ec3u \u00fd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m; v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0u \u00e2m ti\u1ebft, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n ngh\u00e8o \u00e2m ti\u1ebft.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:\u00a0<\/em>Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. To\u00e0n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta,<\/em>\u00a0coi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. L\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i cao qu\u00fd. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u khi \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng khai h\u00f3a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9,<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/strong> Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha khi chi\u1ebfm Brazil \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft h\u1ecd n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3, trong khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 Francisco de Pina \u2026 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch Latin h\u00f3a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, de Pina c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y\u00a0b\u1eafc c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u0103n minh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao qu\u00fd!<\/span><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u00a0U\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edb ngu\u1ed3n<\/em>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ghi \u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ra th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u ta d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Khi m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Phi. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Alexandre de Rhodes l\u1ea1i h\u0103ng h\u00e1i l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u1eaft h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m khi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. V\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u00a0U\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edb ngu\u1ed3n<\/em>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ghi \u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ra th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u ta d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i\u00a0ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/strong><\/em>, l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean trao cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta trong m\u1ed9t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf<\/strong>
http:\/\/nghiencuuquocte.org\/2020\/07\/09\/tieng-viet-ky-dieu-hanh-trinh-tu-chu-nho-chu-nom-den-chu-quoc-ngu\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]\u00a0Th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cch\u1eef H\u00e1n\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh<\/em>: \u201cM\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ecm t\u00f2i v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Tia S\u00e1ng s\u1ed1 11 (5\/6\/2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]\u00a0L\u00e3 Minh H\u1eb1ng<\/em>: \u201c\u0110\u00f4i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch H\u00e1n N\u00f4m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N\u00f4m\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ki\u1ec1u Ly<\/em>: \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1eeb 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn 1861: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh La-tinh h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t trong tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o\u201d. TC Tia S\u00e1ng s\u1ed1 24\u00a0 (20\/12\/2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Qu\u00e2n<\/em>: \u201cCh\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e3 h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0\u00a0H\u1ed3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\u00a0v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng\u00a0N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta sau n\u00e0y hay\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11254,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[212,320,237,176],"class_list":["entry","author-ntviet","post-11249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-chuyenmuc","tag-chuyen-de","tag-van-chuong-viet-nam","tag-van-hoa","tag-van-hoc-viet-nam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11249"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11249\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}