{"id":11901,"date":"2021-09-11T19:42:21","date_gmt":"2021-09-11T19:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=11901"},"modified":"2021-09-18T02:22:25","modified_gmt":"2021-09-18T02:22:25","slug":"de-nhat-cong-hoa-viet-nam-can-nguyen-do-vo-doc-chuong-10-tap-2-tac-pham-the-viet-nam-upheaval-cua-gs-vu-quy-ky-bai-5-tinh-da-dang-phuc-tap-trong-moi-quan-he-my-viet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=11901","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Vi\u1ec7t Nam: C\u0103n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed5 V\u1ee1 (\u0110\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 t\u1eadp 2 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThe Viet-Nam Upheaval\u201d c\u1ee7a GS V\u0169 Qu\u00fd K\u1ef3) B\u00e0i 5: T\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng & ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ef9-Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong>
Tr\u1ea7n Phong V\u0169<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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______________________<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t nam v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 t\u1eadp 2 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThe Vietnam Upheaval\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. H\u00e0m \u1ea9n trong nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u00e8m theo: Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd V\u0169, t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00fang Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao nhi\u00eau t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 khuynh t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i giao. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u1ed3ng \u1ea5m\/thu\u1eadn th\u1ea3o hay ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh\/ b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa S\u00e0ig\u00f2n v\u00e0 Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n t\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c do \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf trong n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p mi\u1ec1n nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00fang Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh s\u1eafm vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Eisenhower thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 2 n\u0103m 1961. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ba ng\u00e0y sau cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd 23-10-1955, ch\u00ed s\u0129 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1n ch\u00ednh mi\u1ec1n nam suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cT\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng Kennedy v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, s\u1eed gia John M. Newman \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1957, \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m l\u00fac \u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i b\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t c\u00e1c chi b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn TT Eisenhower ca t\u1ee5ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u2018Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n K\u1ef3\u2019 \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u<\/strong>.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u201cBy 1957 Diem, now the chief of state, has used his power to subdue the dissenting religious sects and smash the Viet minh cells in the Mekong Delta, accomplishments which let Eisenhower to hail Diem as the \u201cMiracle Man\u201d of Asia<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong>\u201d<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n, d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0103n ch\u01a1i, \u0111\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ebfm, b\u00e0i b\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0  Kim Chung, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi do B\u1ea3y Vi\u1ec5n, th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t danh H\u00f2n Ng\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng cho th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 S\u00e0ig\u00f2n, \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng \u00edt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nguy\u00ean do v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p qua \u0111\u00e1m tay ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n r\u01a1i r\u1edbt l\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n ph\u00e9p \u2018n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 gi\u1ea5u tay\u2019, sau khi ph\u1ea3i cu\u1ed1n g\u00f3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf mi\u1ec1n nam, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n b\u1ecf nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o tai c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng hay v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n VNCH k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n TT Di\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0110i\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 khi \u1ea5y Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t CHVN d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a TT Di\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c TT Eisenhower c\u00f4ng khai b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i 4 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e3p. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Foster Dulles <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh g\u1eedi TT Eisenhower v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1955, th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00fac \u00e9p c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a QT B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Foster Dulles* nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, M\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng Dulles th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: Washington kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai khi\u1ebfn TT Di\u1ec7m. Gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111ang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nghe ai, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201c<\/em><\/strong>b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111<\/u><\/em><\/strong>\u1ec3 cho<\/u><\/em><\/strong> Hoa K\u1ef3 <\/u><\/em><\/strong>l\u00e8o l\u00e1i <\/u><\/em><\/strong>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/u><\/em><\/strong>ch\u00fang t\u00f4i <\/u><\/em><\/strong>\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/u><\/em><\/strong>\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c th\u1eddi TT Eisenhower, qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i Giao, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a TT Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Dwight Eisenhower mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y TT Di\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb dung n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn trong tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Catton nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong \u201cTh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7m\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 V\u0169 Qu\u00fd K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 t\u1eadp 2 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ra m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 11 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m nay. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u1ed1i giao h\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c M\u1ef9 -Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00eam \u1ea3, thu\u1eadn bu\u1ed3m xu\u00f4i gi\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng Eisenhower l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

TT Eisenhower b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng Elbridge Durbrow l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0ig\u00f2n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 n\u0103m 1957. Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1961. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Durbrown \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi am hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a TT Di\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u1ecbp cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf S\u00e0ig\u00f2n (1957), \u00f4ng n\u00eau nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0m \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. <\/strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 TT Di\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 lo v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t an ninh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi \u1ea5y, theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Catton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd V\u0169 tr\u01b0ng d\u1eabn trong \u201cThe Vietnam Upheaval\u201d th\u00ec, T\u01b0\u1edbng Samuel T. Williams, tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u00f3m C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3 (MAAG), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i <\/u><\/strong>kh\u00f4ng<\/u><\/strong> <\/u><\/strong>c\u00f4ng <\/u><\/strong>nh\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb <\/u><\/strong>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i s<\/u><\/strong>\u1ee9 Durbrown<\/u><\/strong>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eabn theo Catton, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Williams<\/u><\/strong>, c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n an ninh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf khi \u1ea5y.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu am hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh \u0111a di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7t-M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 xung kh\u1eafc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. D\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i do \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 hay C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 B\u1ea1ch Cung th\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Hai c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n  v\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (MAAG) <\/u><\/strong>l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3<\/u><\/strong> <\/u><\/strong>quan<\/u><\/strong> \u0111<\/u><\/strong>i<\/u><\/strong>\u1ec3m<\/u><\/strong> \u200b\u200b\u0111<\/u><\/strong>\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch<\/u><\/strong> nhau<\/u><\/strong> <\/u><\/strong>v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong khi t\u00f2a \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec MAAG l\u1ea1i coi chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/u><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Catton l\u01b0u \u00fd th\u00eam, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia r\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Hoa K\u1ef3, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu gi\u1eefa T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Di\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, cung c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Dwight Eisenhower b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, do nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh, t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Durbrow c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong khi giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a TT Di\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e1nh Thi\/V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960, nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1 ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Elbridge Durbrow y\u00eau c\u1ea7u g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean TT Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Durbrow d\u00f9 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 khi \u1ea5y n\u00ean b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a phe \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u0103n c\u1ed1t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n v\u00e0 S\u00e0ig\u00f2n trong 9 n\u0103m \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t CHVN, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 1-11-63, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n nam s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, anh em TT Di\u1ec7m b\u1ecb th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t, nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a CIA ti\u1ebfp tay b\u1ecdn du k\u00edch CS ph\u00e1 n\u00e1t \u1ea4p Chi\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc qua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 c\u01a1m b\u1eefa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec5u nh\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a ra \u0111\u1eddi, l\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n nam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb  \u0111\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t S\u00e0ig\u00f2n, Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u1ecb \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, H\u1ed9i An, Nha Trang, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1\u2026 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n Bar, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00e1ng m\u00e2y m\u00f9 ho\u00e0i nghi pha l\u1eabn \u00e2u lo, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t CHVN. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi Ngo\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng John Foster Dulles gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed1n g\u00f3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Washington kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai khi\u1ebfn <\/strong>TT <\/strong>Di\u1ec7m<\/strong>. Gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb<\/strong> v\u00ec \u0111<\/strong>ang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0<\/strong>\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, <\/strong>\u00f4ng \u1ea5y <\/strong>c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i<\/strong> nghe<\/strong> ai<\/strong>, <\/strong>n\u1ebfu<\/strong> \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n<\/strong>\u2026.. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng Dulles th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng khi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trung th\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia M\u1ef9 qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 hay C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, khi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0nh d\u00e2n. Kinh qua hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia M\u1ef9 n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng \u2018gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong \u201cThe Vietnam Upheaval\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd V\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. Theo \u00f4ng, ngay sau nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i TT Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1955, TT Hoa K\u1ef3 Eisenhower \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a son tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Th\u1eadt ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n c\u00e2n \u0111o k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, sau khi quan s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chung \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m khi \u1ea5y kh\u00e1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00fang Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a ai nh\u1eadn ra, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, tuy kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7t.M\u1ef9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Catton trong \u201cTh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m\u201d, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 m\u1ec9a mai. N\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cthu\u1eadn mua v\u1eeba b\u00e1n\u201d gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7, k\u1ebb gi\u1eef h\u1ea7u bao, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i giao qua tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00f4i m\u00e9p \u2018t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia\u2019, trong khi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi xem th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n k\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea5n son che ph\u1ee7!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n M\u1ef9 g\u1eedi qua nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong v\u00f2ng ng\u00f3t 3 n\u0103m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb 1961. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 680 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m t\u0103ng l\u00ean 3,205. Ch\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau t\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1962 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 9,000, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 1-11- 63 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean t\u1edbi 16.000!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn TT Di\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 TT Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 ngang nhi\u00ean x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cWhy The Vietnam War?\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: C\u00e1c C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed5 Th\u00f4ng H\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nhi\u1ec1u C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1ea1i phi tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i theo nhu c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eb3n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a qu\u00ean, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60\/61, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn ti\u1ebfng, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/strong> Tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng ra trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ph\u00eda Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00e2n t\u00edn trong n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, TT Di\u1ec7m d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t di d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3  chuy\u1ec7n binh l\u00ednh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7m s\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng thay cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau cu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 63, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh b\u1ecb truy di\u1ec7t, h\u01a1n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1 v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n nam, V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0m ti\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1c cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea7n Phong V\u0169<\/strong>
Mi\u1ec1n nam California Th\u1ee9 Ba ng\u00e0y 08-9-2021<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

*NT John Foster Dulles<\/em><\/strong> (1888 – 1959) sinh ra \u1edf Washington, D.C. l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Ban C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Paris 1919.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dulles gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York Sullivan & Cromwell sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc George Washington. Sau khi Eisenhower \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1952, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Dulles l\u00e0m Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng. L\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Dulles \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. \u00d4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Gen\u00e8ve n\u0103m 1954. B\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 ru\u1ed9t, Dulles t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c 1959 v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

**Elbridge Durbrow<\/em><\/strong> sinh ra t\u1ea1i San Francisco, California, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale n\u0103m 1926 v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Dijon, Ph\u00e1p; Vi\u1ec7n Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Haag t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan, \u00c9cole Libre des Sciences Politiques \u1edf Paris v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Durbrow \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ng\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ph\u00f3 l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Warsaw, Ba Lan. N\u0103m 1944, Durbrow \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Washington, DC. N\u0103m 1946, \u00f4ng k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m George F. Kennan l\u00e0 Tham t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Moscow. Trong vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Smith v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1ebfn 1950, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Washington, DC. N\u0103m 1954, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng h\u00e0m ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1957 TT Eisenhower b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t nam v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 t\u1eadp 2 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThe Vietnam Upheaval\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. H\u00e0m \u1ea9n trong nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u00e8m theo: Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11463,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,8],"tags":[165,118],"class_list":["entry","author-ntviet","post-11901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-binhluan","category-chinhtri-xahoi","tag-binh-luan","tag-chinh-tri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11901","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11901"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11901\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11463"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11901"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11901"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11901"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}