{"id":12408,"date":"2021-10-27T05:28:26","date_gmt":"2021-10-27T05:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=12408"},"modified":"2021-10-31T23:55:28","modified_gmt":"2021-10-31T23:55:28","slug":"the-gioi-khong-phai-chi-co-trung-quoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=12408","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/strong>
GS Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Trung C\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb l\u00e2n bang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u. N\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/strong> Vua quan tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t \u00c1 nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ec9 xem 60 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ta th\u1ea5y Vi\u1ec7t Nam to\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/strong> G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u201ch\u1ee3p t\u00e1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n\u201d l\u00e0m cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/strong>. L\u1ebd ra trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb l\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean xem Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c so s\u00e1nh h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c trong t\u1eebng giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4n c\u1ed1 tri t\u00e2n. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u00f4n l\u1ea1i 2 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 60 n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t Nam xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 hai l\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u do Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1933 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn 1954 sau khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0nh th\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c C\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai l\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh do c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t mang l\u1ea1i th\u00ec trong l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 9\/1933, sau g\u1ea7n 2 n\u0103m khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Soviet Trung Hoa t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y Kim (t\u1ec9nh Giang T\u00e2y). L\u00fac n\u1ea7y Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 15 khu gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 10 tri\u1ec7u (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 400 tri\u1ec7u). C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0y. Mao ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n giai c\u1ea5p \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. N\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng, trung n\u00f4ng, b\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecbch thu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Trung n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng d\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu. B\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi ph\u00e2n chia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mao g\u1eedi t\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n giai c\u1ea5p, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng. T\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111ang t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd tr\u00f3i v\u00e0 treo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i t\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5, k\u1ec3 l\u1ec5 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb x\u1eed b\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 1954, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hai n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 17 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010. Nakagane Katsuji, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 danh d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo, \u0111\u00e3 tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n (Nakagane 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 100 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 may m\u1eafn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh (T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean) th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 448 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong 3 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn 1952, trong \u0111\u00f3 258 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eafn, 77 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00e0 26 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. Tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, theo m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tra so s\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1954) th\u00ec tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 4,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng (b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, t\u1ef1 t\u1eed hay b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i).<\/strong> \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 trung n\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb quy l\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m (ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 \u00fd) c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, Mao \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, khi l\u1eeda o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i d\u1eady th\u00ec b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta xem kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 30\/8\/1945 \u0111\u1ebfn 6\/9\/1951. C\u01a1 quan th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh dinh B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng minh (GHQ) do t\u01b0\u1edbng Mac Arthur \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong>. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c GHQ ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p g\u1ea7n 1\/2 thu ho\u1ea1ch n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. GHQ s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gia nh\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. GHQ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra L\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9\/12\/1945. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. D\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ra hai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7\/1946 sau \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 21\/10\/1946.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 2 tri\u1ec7u 348 ng\u00e0n ha (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 46% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c). C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo hai \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sau: \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u01b0ng thu (nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mua gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb) to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1 ha\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0ng thu. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mua theo gi\u00e1 m\u1ed7i tan <\/em>(t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1.000m2) \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 757 yen, \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 l\u00e0 446 yen, c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea3 cho \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 978 yen v\u00e0 577 yen. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 mua c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0ng thu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u1ea5y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0i so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 sau. Gi\u00e1 mua t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 7% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00f4ng ph\u1ea9m thu ho\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i tan<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi v\u1eadt gi\u00e1 leo thang trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (1947-49) th\u00ec xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ngo\u00e0i ru\u1ed9ng d\u1ea5t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng.<\/span> Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00f2a v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng canh t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u0169.<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Yoshida Shigeru v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10\/1949, Mac Arthur nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>\u201d <\/strong>. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng nhanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n (Kosai 1981).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u1edbn \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00ec qu\u00e1 d\u00e3 man, t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ecd xin tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00ec \u00f4n h\u00f2a, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t Minh d\u1ef1a theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953. K\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t bi th\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1956 \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng hy sinh, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t to l\u1edbn.<\/strong> N\u1ebfu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng nghe theo Trung Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn xa ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vay v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c vay v\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean x\u00f4 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vay v\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Official Development Assistance, ODA) nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Tuy g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3\u201d nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ODA l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng. V\u00ec \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i n\u00ean ODA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i ODA, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n vay kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 OOF (Other Official Flows). T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ODA t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (ADB), nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2000, Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam vay c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i OOF v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i so v\u1edbi vay t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt hay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c<\/strong>. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2017, Vi\u1ec7t Nam vay t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c 1,37 t\u1ef7 USD theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ODA v\u00e0 16,35 t\u1ef7 USD theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i OOF.<\/strong> Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady OOF chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 92% t\u1ed5ng vay c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c. ODA c\u00f3 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf. V\u00e0 so v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t ODA c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eeb 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2017 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t vay trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ODA c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 3%, trong khi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n vay t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb 0,4-1,2% (theo Abuza and Vu, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n th\u1eafng trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u tra cho th\u1ea5y Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i.<\/strong> V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft C\u00e1t Linh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00f4n xao v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam mua 13 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft C\u00e1t Linh \u2013 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i mua c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang nh\u1eadp si\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Giao th\u00f4ng V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110inh La Th\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y 9\/6\/2015. T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, quan ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vay v\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n 13 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho vay v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 mua t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110inh La Th\u0103ng b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o cho vay c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hay H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai.<\/strong> (Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1eefa: N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn Trung Qu\u1ed1c? C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c sao?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ed1n vay \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i (ODA) cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean 50 n\u0103m. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u (kho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980), \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ODA \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i mua m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc cho vay (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tied loan<\/em>). Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho vay kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (untied loan<\/em>) ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa M\u1ef9, Nh\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Anh.., nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf (OECD).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111i ngay v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00f4i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. ODA c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i: Lo\u1ea1i t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng (grant<\/em>) d\u00f9ng cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf,\u2026 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i cho vay (yen loan<\/em>) d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. Lo\u1ea1i cho vay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: Vay kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i vay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua v\u1eadt t\u01b0, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t (qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng khai). H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 vay c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 STEP (Special Term for Economic Partnership<\/em>). Lo\u1ea1i STEP r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00ean l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. C\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 tuy STEP l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhau trong \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn ODA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Theo t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ASEAN nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ODA v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn do l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho th\u1ea5y, trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010, b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ODA c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cung c\u1ea5p cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c STEP l\u00e0 45 t\u1ec9 yen (l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0,1%) v\u00e0 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 124 t\u1ec9 yen (th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n 30 n\u0103m, l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t 1,4%\/n\u0103m). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ODA kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 73%, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i tham gia \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n vay n\u1ea7y. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt th\u1eafng th\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 36%, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 100% nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p STEP l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 87% v\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng tham gia trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u00e2n bay N\u1ed9i B\u00e0i tuy theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c STEP nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ty X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Taisei c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty Vinaconex c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7u Nh\u1eadt T\u00e2n c\u0169ng do m\u1ed9t li\u00ean doanh gi\u1eefa Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ODA v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u OOF. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ee7a quan ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n vay v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00edt ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. (Xem th\u00eam Tr\u1ea7n V Th\u1ecd 2016, Ch. 12 v\u00e0 13).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadp si\u00eau l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, doanh nghi\u1ec7p Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00fang th\u1ea7u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng sau khi th\u1eafng th\u1ea7u h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00fang ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi x\u00e2y xong \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, v.v…. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chui v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u<\/strong>. M\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0i l\u1eddi k\u1ebft:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fac g\u00e2y tai h\u1ecda cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i \u0111ang c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n.<\/strong> Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 10\/2017, T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi\u201d. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi<\/em>. C\u0169ng theo \u00f4ng T\u1eadp, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c<\/em> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a theo h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em>.<\/strong> C\u0169ng trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng T\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa. Tham v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u0129 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i mang m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (xem Tr\u1ea7n V Th\u1ecd 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m l\u1edbn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c thi S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn M\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (BRI) ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u0103m 2013.<\/strong> M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00e1ng 10\/2017 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7, ghi th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh doanh. Do \u0111\u00f3 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c do \u0110\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd th\u00eam l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 to\u00e0 \u00e1n, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Anh M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (xem Hung Tran 2021). Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tham gia BRI c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi nay v\u1eeba l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u1eeba ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4n ngoan, t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 so s\u00e1nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GS Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: V\u1eadn H\u1ed9i M\u1edbi cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda trong b\u00e0i.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

____________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abuza, Zachary and Phuong Vu (2021), Vietnam\u2019s Hidden Debts to China Expose its Political Risks, The Diplomat<\/em>, Oct. 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hung Tran (2021), China\u2019s anti-foreign sanctions law: Companies in the crosshairs, Atlantic Council<\/em>, June 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kosai Yutaka (1981), Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao: B\u00fat k\u00fd l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Nihon Hyoronsha (ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nakagane Katsuji (2021), Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng: Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng,<\/em> Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nagoya (ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd (2016), C\u00fa s\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>NXB Tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd (2018), \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o Kinh t\u1ebf Saigon<\/em>, s\u1ed1 T\u1ebft M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb l\u00e2n bang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u. N\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12411,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,8,12,53],"tags":[165,118,212,98,187],"class_list":["entry","author-ntviet","post-12408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-binhluan","category-chinhtri-xahoi","category-chuyenmuc","category-kinhte-chinhtri","tag-binh-luan","tag-chinh-tri","tag-chuyen-de","tag-trung-cong","tag-viet-cong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12408"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12408\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12411"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}