{"id":14441,"date":"2022-06-22T21:25:38","date_gmt":"2022-06-22T21:25:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=14441"},"modified":"2023-06-22T16:58:41","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T16:58:41","slug":"con-con-hoi-nghi-lap-hien-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=14441","title":{"rendered":"<strong>\u201cCon-Con\u201d &#8211; H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp Hi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><span style='color:#00a0ff;font-size:.9em;font-weight:500;'>-S\u01a1n H\u00e0<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>S\u01a1n H\u00e0 (June.2022)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef \u201cCon-Con\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111e do\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo phe c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn hay thi\u00ean t\u1ea3 th\u00ec reo h\u00f2 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 e ng\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed The New American, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u00e1c \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ea3i s\u1eeda hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u00e2n danh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef \u201cCon-Con\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/we-the-people.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14442\" width=\"-925\" height=\"-410\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cCon-Con\u201d vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft t\u1eeb hai ch\u1eef Constitutional Convention (H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp Hi\u1ebfn) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (l\u00fac ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p) hay tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n (th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u0111ang c\u00f3 trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <em>\u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\u201d<\/em>, Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3! \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft ra hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, mu\u1ed1n s\u1eeda l\u00e0 s\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea3ng mu\u1ed1n ban h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ban h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean n\u00e0o d\u00e1m h\u00f3 h\u00e9. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2n \u0111en, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 sang gi\u00e0u, ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n, tr\u1eafng hay \u0111en; c\u1ea5p cao hay c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p; \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u1eabn ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ba ch\u1eef, <strong>We the People<\/strong>, nh\u00e2n danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn k\u1ef9 c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do cha \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau trao \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eeda. B\u00e1u v\u1eadt \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, thay \u0111\u1ed5i,\u2026 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0a c\u0169. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i, b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng; h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng do h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0110\u1eadp Ph\u00e1 C\u00e1i C\u0169, X\u00e2y C\u00e1i M\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, 1960, sau khi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm Trung Qu\u1ed1c:<em>\u201cph\u00e1 t\u1ee9 c\u1ef1u, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9 t\u00e2n\u201d (\u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 4 c\u00e1i c\u0169, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 4 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi)<\/em>. Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng V\u0103n Ho\u00e1 gi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i; cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t long tr\u1eddi l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Trung Hoa. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, g\u00e2y tang t\u00f3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng do c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. N\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3. B\u1ed1n c\u00e1i c\u0169: <em>t\u01b0 duy c\u0169, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u0169, th\u00f3i quen c\u0169, phong t\u1ee5c c\u0169<\/em> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1 \u0111i. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebb ra B\u1ed1n C\u00e1i M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 thay v\u00e0o, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n <em>(\u201cBuild Back Better\u201d).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00fang Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 50 Ti\u1ec3u Bang. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ec3u Bang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong ti\u1ec3u bang; v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Bang hay Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 50 ti\u1ec3u bang, do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a <strong>Con-Con<\/strong>, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u V c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 ghi, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li>B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 2\/3 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 2\/3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i Ti\u1ec3u Bang \u0111\u01b0a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 27 l\u1ea7n; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. R\u1ed3i, m\u1ecdi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3\/4 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Bang, r\u1ed3i \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0110i\u1ec1u V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 ghi trong Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 Con-Con th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy \u01b0\u1edbc <em>\u201cch\u1ea1y l\u00e0ng\u201d<\/em>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t quy \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t <em>\u201ccu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y l\u00e0ng\u201d<\/em>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li>\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7, l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Philadelphia n\u0103m 1787 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n <em>C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean Bang<\/em> (Articles of Confederation) v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n; v\u00e0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u201c<\/em><em>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c\u201d<\/em> t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n trong tay r\u1ed3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp). H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00e0i H\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch S\u1eed: Chuy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00e3 X\u1ea3y Ra V\u00e0o N\u0103m 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Annapolis n\u0103m 1786 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb 13 ti\u1ec3u bang (l\u00fac n\u00e0y Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 13 ti\u1ec3u bang) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 <em>C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean Bang<\/em> (Articles of Confederation)c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y nay). Nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean Bang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <em>\u201cx\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang\u201d<\/em> theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u XIII c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean Bang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1787, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 9 trong 12 ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Philadelphia n\u0103m 1787, c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n \u0110i\u1ec1u XIII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam v\u00e0o C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean Bang, H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb <em>\u201cch\u1ea1y l\u00e0ng\u201d <\/em>(runaway)1787 \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Edmund Randolph, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb Virginia, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7n: <em>\u201cl\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua\u201d<\/em>. Thay v\u00ec tu\u00e2n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u XIII r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <em>\u201cch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i Ti\u1ec3u Bang\u201d<\/em>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n VII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1788, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 11 trong s\u1ed1 13 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Bang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 <em>\u201c\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n\u201d<\/em>. Hai ti\u1ec3u bang North Carolina v\u00e0 Rhode Island v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1790, Rhode Island tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u bang th\u1ee9 13 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp Hi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 <em>\u201ch\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf\u201d<\/em> cho <em>\u201cm\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean Bang\u201d<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t <em>h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ea1y l\u00e0ng <\/em>&nbsp;(runaway convention), t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u00e0m G\u00ec \u0110\u1ec3 Tr\u00e1nh Con-Con Tr\u1edf Th\u00e0nh \u201cH\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Ch\u1ea1y L\u00e0ng\u201d?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ph\u00f3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng? Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdp, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 tu ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n L\u1eadp Hi\u1ebfn, vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. Ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1788. Kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn <em>\u201ch\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ea1y l\u00e0ng\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4 h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, <em>\u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1i c\u0169, x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi\u201d<\/em>,\u2026 Cho d\u00f9 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh k\u00e9o gi\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, nh\u00e2n danh ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb. C\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00ean ph\u1ed1 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u1ea5y mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i,\u2026 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi <em>\u201cc\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn\u201d<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, l\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f2i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u00fang, \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1 thai,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n <em>Con-Con<\/em> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c <em>ch\u1ea1y l\u00e0ng <\/em>n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 <em>Con-Con<\/em> di\u1ec5n ra, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>S\u01a1n H\u00e0 (June.2022)<\/em><\/strong><br><em>(vi\u1ebft theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed The New American)<\/em><br><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_14441\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"14441\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u01a1n H\u00e0 (June.2022) G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef \u201cCon-Con\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111e do\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo phe c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn hay thi\u00ean t\u1ea3 th\u00ec reo h\u00f2 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0<span class=\"more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=14441\">\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp&#8230;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14442,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,8,12,57,62,42],"tags":[403,404,162,119,172,226],"class_list":["entry","author-nduong","post-14441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-binhluan","category-chinhtri-xahoi","category-chuyenmuc","category-giaoduc-vanhoc-lichsu","category-kienthuctongquat","category-tai-lieu","tag-chinh-tri-2","tag-con-con","tag-hien-phap","tag-hoa-ky","tag-luat-phap","tag-xa-hoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14441"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14441\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}