{"id":18815,"date":"2023-10-25T07:44:58","date_gmt":"2023-10-25T07:44:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=18815"},"modified":"2023-10-25T07:44:59","modified_gmt":"2023-10-25T07:44:59","slug":"hat-giong-tin-mung-tren-dat-viet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=18815","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ea0T GI\u1ed0NG TIN M\u1eeaNG TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ea4T VI\u1ec6T<\/strong>
Maria Pascale Nguy\u1ec5n Thuba<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"
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K\u00ednh d\u00e2ng c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh T\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam,<\/em><\/strong>
<\/mark>Ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u00e2n Anh D\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.<\/mark><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n 12 <\/em>Th\u00e1nh <\/em>T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3 ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi, <\/em>c\u00e1c<\/em> <\/em>v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh theo s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 l<\/em>\u00e3<\/em>nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u201c\u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i (1533).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed Th\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1m C\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ee5c<\/strong> g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ee5c<\/strong> th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafn ch\u1eafn t\u1ea1i VN v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1533. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf VN qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 Alexandre de Rhodes (Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9), Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 Giovanni Marini, Christoforo Borri, Philipph\u00ea B\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 Bent\u00f4 Thi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Launay, Louvet, Marillier, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng Phanxico v\u00e0 \u0110a Minh. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng T\u00f2a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n B\u1ed9 Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o, Vatican. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i VN c\u00f2n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c T\u00f2a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c D\u00f2ng tu trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>: Victor Emmanuel t\u1ea1i Rome; D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh t\u1ea1i Manila, Madrid; D\u00f2ng T\u00ean t\u1ea1i Rome, \u1edf Lisboa; H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Ngo\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c Paris v\u00e0 2 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Saigon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (\u0110N\u00c1) v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 c\u00f2n mang s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 \u0111em Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u00e0y trong b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef: \u201cH\u1ea1t ti\u00eau v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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Trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Linh M\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba sai \u0111i theo \u0111\u1ec3 lo vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1o cho th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1eeba sai t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi gian kh\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1m ng\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i l\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i Trung Hoa, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, M\u00e3 Lai . . . th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gh\u00e9 c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 giao l\u01b0u trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn v\u00e0o b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai \u0111em Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn cho D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1)  Ninh C\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba danh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn Tin M\u1eebng nh\u01b0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam (CGVN). M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai In\u00eakhu (1533<\/strong>). Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o Giat\u00f4: s\u00e1ch D\u00e3 L\u1ee5c th\u00e1ng ba, n\u0103m Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eddi vua L\u00ea Trang T\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean In\u00eakhu l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Ninh C\u01b0\u1eddng, Qu\u1ea7n Anh, h\u1ea1t Nam Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u00e0 L\u0169, h\u1ea1t Giao Ch\u1ec9, \u00e2m th\u1ea7m \u0111em Giat\u00f4 t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Anh em h\u00e3y \u0111i kh\u1eafp t\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, loan b\u00e1o Ph\u00fac \u00c2m cho m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o (Mc 16,15)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2)  C\u1eeda H\u00e0n<\/strong> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 Antonio De Feria \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o n\u0103m 1535<\/strong>. Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Cha Louis de Fonseca (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) v\u00e0 Gr\u00e9goire de la Motte (Ph\u00e1p) t\u1eeb Malacca \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o (1580 \u2013 1586).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3)  N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n <\/strong>l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Qui Nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 ba sau H\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 C\u1eeda H\u00e0n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u0103m 1618<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i C\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o<\/strong>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00f9ng C\u1eeda H\u00e0n, H\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n Trung th\u1eddi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng Tr\u1ea5n B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 x\u00e2y Nh\u00e0 Th\u1edd N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n n\u0103m 1618. B\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau, 17\/12\/1624 Cha Alexandre de Rhodes (\u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9)<\/strong> v\u00e0 th\u00eam 4 Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Cha De Pina, v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Lm. Borri trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch b\u1ed9 Kinh Th\u00e1nh ra ti\u1ebfng VN n\u0103m 1621<\/strong>. Cha De Pina c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng phi t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 ch\u00faa S\u00e3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Ph\u00fac An (Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a). B\u00e0 l\u00e0 Minh \u0110\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i Phi (t\u00ean th\u00e1nh Maria Madalena), m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kh\u00ea. Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cB\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1edbi khai sinh. G\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i v\u1eefng tin h\u01a1n\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1639 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh ph\u00e9p Th\u00e1nh T\u1ea9y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean <\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai thu\u1ed9c D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh t\u1eeb Malacca (Malaysia) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1550, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 Gaspar De Santa Cruz <\/strong>v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c. Sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng Phanxico \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 cha Jose Garcia (1735).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cha Garcia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hai Nh\u00e0 Th\u1edd n\u01a1i v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 Th\u1edd th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea5y T\u00ean \u201cTh\u00e1nh Gia\u201d ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u (1745). Cha Jos\u00e9 Garcia qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1761, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 75 tu\u1ed5i. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t qu\u00ed m\u1ebfn cha. Quan tr\u1ea5n M\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9 cho ph\u00e9p mai t\u00e1ng cha trong Nh\u00e0 Th\u1edd m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) C\u1eeda Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i<\/strong> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 Qui Nh\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ecba danh Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau. Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201ctrung t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/strong>\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00f2a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c<\/strong>\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nay thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Qui Nh\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Qui Nh\u01a1n l\u00e0 Lm. Francisco Buzomi (1615), Lm. Marquez v\u00e0 Cristoforo Bori c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c (1618). Cha Buzomi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y trong su\u1ed1t 24 n\u0103m v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ecb Th\u1eeba Sai Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Qui Nh\u01a1n<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng<\/strong> (Thanh H\u00f3a) l\u00e0 b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/strong>. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y hai cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Pedro Marquez \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn (1627). C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 C\u1eeda Th\u00e1nh Giuse<\/strong> v\u00ec t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Macao, sau 8 ng\u00e0y  l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh nguy hi\u1ec3m tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi b\u00e3o l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y 19\/03\/1627, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y K\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Giuse. Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u1ea7y Gi\u1ea3ng<\/strong> v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i CGVN t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7)<\/strong> C\u1eeda Th\u1ea7n Ph\u00f9<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i n\u00f4i\u201d n\u1ea3y sinh h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng Tin M\u1eebng t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Th\u1ea7n Ph\u00f9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn khi Cha t\u1eeb C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng ra Th\u0103ng Long (1627). N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y Cha \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. Em ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 Catarina. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o 17 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0ng gia theo \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho kho\u1ea3ng 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 Th\u1edd \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

8)<\/strong> Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn \u2013 <\/strong>Th\u1ecb x\u00e3 H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1669, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Pierre Lambert de le Motte <\/strong>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai th\u1eeba sai. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1670, \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Lambert \u0111\u00e3 phong ch\u1ee9c Linh M\u1ee5c cho 7 Th\u1ea7y Gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a VN<\/strong>, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00f4i theo S\u00f4ng C\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn. C\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam (GHCGVN) ng\u00e0y 14\/02\/1670 v\u00e0 5 ng\u00e0y sau (19\/2) \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Lambert th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp D\u00f2ng M\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 VN.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9)<\/strong> L\u1ee5c Th\u1ee7y \u2013 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh <\/strong>l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n doanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1eeba sai D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh t\u1eeb 1685. L\u1ee5c Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1686, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u00e0 B\u1eafc II v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1753. Th\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi v\u0103n th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 12\/01\/1764 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn L\u1ee5c Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n cho Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i Di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng T\u00f2a \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng\u201d tr\u00ean, b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1eeba Sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1ee3t kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 kh\u00e1c, Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp ch\u1ed1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc v\u00e0o Nam b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t GHCGVN v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1659-1802 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1eeba Sai v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng T\u00f2a k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 GHCGVN. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi m\u00e1u v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft tr\u1ed9n chung \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u00e1m ch\u1ebft cho \u0110\u1ee9c Tin.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c VN, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng Th\u1ea7y Gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c (1657-1682), Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m (1767-1782) \u1edf ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc; ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Lan (1635-1648), Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kho\u00e1t (1738-1765), Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Thu\u1ea7n (1765-1777) \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1eddi vua C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ecbnh (1782-1802) nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi C\u00e1c vua Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (1802-1886).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng d\u00e3 man cho nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Tin nh\u01b0: B\u00e1 \u0111ao (x\u1ebbo th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ee7 100 mi\u1ebfng; L\u0103ng tr\u00ec (ch\u1eb7t tay ch\u00e2n, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u00e2n x\u00e1c ra l\u00e0m 4); Thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t; tr\u1ea3m (ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u); Gi\u1ea3o (th\u1eaft c\u1ed5); R\u0169 t\u00f9 (ch\u1ebft trong ng\u1ee5c); Giam \u0111\u00f3i, kh\u00e1t; B\u00faa b\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u vua. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa v\u1edbi \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng-Nho Gi\u00e1o\u201d, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang, t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng. Trong khi \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y ch\u1ec9 th\u1edd m\u1ed9t \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d, kh\u00f4ng m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 vua l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, thay tr\u1eddi tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n \u201cQu\u00e2n x\u1eed th\u1ea7n t\u1eed, th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed b\u1ea5t trung\u201d. Trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t \u201cNh\u1ee9t nam vi\u1ebft h\u1eefu, th\u1eadp n\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00f4\u201d; \u201cTrai n\u0103m th\u00ea b\u1ea3y thi\u1ebfp, g\u00e1i ch\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng\u201d. \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 15 (1533) v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng, nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi c\u00e1c Th\u1eeba Sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb b\u1eaft (1843-1846), Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng ng\u00e0y 15\/04\/1847. Vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 03\/05\/1847. Nhi\u1ec1u Nh\u00e0 Nho \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng theo \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 l\u00e0m tay sai cho Ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho t\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Th\u00e1nh An R\u00ea Nguy\u1ec5n Kim Th\u00f4ng (1790-1855)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Sau khi vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb b\u0103ng h\u00e0, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ban nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i: 1848, 1852, 1854, 1855, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1857: \u201cGi\u1ebft ngay T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u00eau \u0111\u1ea7u 3 ng\u00e0y \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u0103ng x\u00e1c xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n<\/strong>\u201d. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c VN chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Nam K\u1ef3, B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1884, H\u00f2a \u01af\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd, Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, l\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh Nam K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Trung K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf. Tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00e0m oan \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n Th\u00e2n (1864 \u2013 1874) (*)<\/sup><\/strong><\/a> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nho s\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Ngh\u1ec7 An, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh (1867) v\u00e0 lan ra nh\u1ea5t nhanh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n Trung. V\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cB\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u00e1t T\u1ea3\u201d, c\u00e1c s\u1ef9 phu h\u00f4 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1802-1886 g\u1ea7n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo l\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm VN, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm VN l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u1ea1 b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n Th\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00e3 gh\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c th\u1eeba sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0: P.de B\u00e9haine (B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c), Lef\u00e8bre, Pellerin, Retord, Puginier gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c VN. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 200 gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i VN th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 (th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea GHVN 1889). Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean con s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 \u00edt n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u201cv\u01a1 d\u0169a c\u1ea3 n\u1eafm\u201d k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o VN l\u00e0m tay sai cho Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Th\u00e1nh Vinh S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed7 Y\u1ebfn, Linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh (1764-1838)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng Nh\u00e0 Nho qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Nh\u00e0 Nho c\u00f3 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0: Phan chu Trinh (1872-1926), Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u (1867-1940), . . C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f4 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 m\u1edf mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim: \u201cKhi \u0111\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u00f9ng t\u00edn, th\u00ec d\u00f9 hay d\u1edf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ai c\u0169ng cho s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1n, th\u00e0nh ra kh\u00f4ng ai khoan dung cho ai, r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n nhau. C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau n\u01b0\u1edbc ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu suy x\u00e9t l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i cho k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m l\u1eafm s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed1i bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n cho n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 v\u1eady\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 (1533) h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng Tin M\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn, gieo tr\u1ed3ng, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, vun x\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 hy sinh c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1eeba Sai, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng D\u00f2ng tu bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh (1550); D\u00f2ng T\u00ean (1615); H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris (1664); D\u00f2ng M\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 (1670); D\u00f2ng Francisco (1735) . . . th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 GHCGVN ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. S\u00e1t c\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Th\u1eeba Sai t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u loan truy\u1ec1n \u01a0n C\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u201cTh\u1ea7y K\u1ebb Gi\u1ea3ng\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Tin M\u1eebng, c\u00e1c Th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 qua vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/strong> m\u00e0 Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a\u201d m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Latinh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1620-1659).\u00a0 S\u00e1ch \u201cPh\u00e9p Gi\u1ea3ng T\u00e1m Ng\u00e0y\u201d l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9, do B\u1ed9 Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1651. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1y Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Th\u00e1nh An T\u00f4n Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Qu\u1ef3nh (1768-1840)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp, trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1edbn lao trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch xa d\u1ea7n kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng <\/strong>\u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 <\/strong>tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Trung <\/strong>Hoa <\/strong>tr\u00ean <\/strong>D\u00e2n <\/strong>T\u1ed9c <\/strong>Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong> nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o do \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, t\u1ef1 \u00e1i, ghen gh\u00e9t lu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nho s\u1ef9 v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i. Vua, quan kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tinh th\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o; nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn d\u00e2n sinh n\u00ean coi \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, s\u1ed1 t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u1eabn gia t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng (t\u1eeb 320.000 n\u0103m 1800 l\u00ean 426.000 n\u0103m 1855) \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n Nam, B\u1eafc ngay trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, cam go nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1925, T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp T\u00f2a Kh\u00e2m S\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ee7 Cam (Hu\u1ebf). Sau 400 n\u0103m Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t (1533- 1933), \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha (\u0110TC) Pi\u00f4 XI \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n phong v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Gioan Baotixita Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 T\u00f2ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11\/6\/1933 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00e9r\u00f4 \u1edf Rome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y 19\/6\/1988 \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean Th\u00e1nh cho 117 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0110\u1ee9c Tin t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong> (T\u00e2y Ban Nha:11; Ph\u00e1p:10; Vi\u1ec7t Nam: 96) d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua (t\u1eeb 1740-1883). Sau 12 n\u0103m, ng\u00e0y 5\/3\/2000, \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II l\u1ea1i phong ch\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho Th\u1ea7y Gi\u1ea3ng Andr\u00e9 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, v\u1ecb T\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1edf VN (1644)<\/strong>. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 T\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o \u201cv\u00f4 danh\u201d tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 130 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn 300 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n h\u01a1n 10.000 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n anh d\u0169ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u0169 trong v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean Th\u00e1nh R\u00f4ma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1ea3i qua 490 n\u0103m th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m theo m\u1ec7nh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i tr\u00f4i, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo khi x\u01b0a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e0o T\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i VN ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2022 th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3: 27 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1eadn, 47 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 200 D\u00f2ng tu v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 31.000 Nam N\u1eef Tu S\u1ef9. GHCGVN l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn \u1edf VN v\u1edbi 7,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi CGVN h\u00f4m nay c\u1ea5t cao l\u1eddi ng\u1ee3i khen v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 Ch\u00faa v\u00ec mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn tr\u1ecdn t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201cKH\u1edeI \u0110\u1ea6U & C\u00d9NG \u0110\u00cdCH \u2013 ALPHA & OMEGA\u201d v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec danh \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maria Pascale Nguy\u1ec5n Thuba<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o & t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 Lm R\u00f4c\u00f4 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ef1 Do, DC<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed – Lm Phan Ph\u00e1t Hu\u1ed3n, CSsR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u00ean Gi\u00e1m Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam 2016 \u2013 H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(*)<\/sup><\/strong> Phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n Th\u00e2n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1885 th\u00ec n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo ngh\u0129a kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng do Ph\u1ee5 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n danh vua H\u00e0m Nghi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec V\u0103n Th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 tay t\u00e0n s\u00e1t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o cho n\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau, Phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i V\u0103n Th\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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K\u00ednh d\u00e2ng c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh T\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam,Ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u00e2n Anh D\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4. Theo b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n 12 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3 ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh theo s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u201c\u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 loan b\u00e1o Tin\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":18816,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,57,78,15],"tags":[212,100,129,81,226],"class_list":["entry","author-ntviet","post-18815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-chuyenmuc","category-giaoduc-vanhoc-lichsu","category-kysu","category-tongiao","tag-chuyen-de","tag-cong-giao","tag-ton-giao","tag-viet-nam","tag-xa-hoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18815"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18815\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/18816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18815"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18815"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}