{"id":27846,"date":"2026-02-15T01:09:36","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T01:09:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=27846"},"modified":"2026-02-16T04:55:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T04:55:59","slug":"the-che-doc-tai-chuyen-che-autocracytrong-the-ky-21","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=27846","title":{"rendered":"TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe \u0110\u1ed8C T\u00c0I, CHUY\u00caN CH\u1ebe (AUTOCRACY) TRONG TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 21<\/strong>
Tr\u1ecdng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do.<\/mark>

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ecdng Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp. <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 lan r\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1942, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 12 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Sau \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp lan r\u1ed9ng, ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi 36 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1985 c\u00f3 50 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean S\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u tan r\u00e3, s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Freedom House, s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 115, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 do, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Xu th\u1ebf H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t (Pax Universalis) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Freedom House, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2024, s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 84 <\/strong>(43% tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) gi\u1ea3m 34 n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n (Partly free) l\u00e0 59, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 67.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i, th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? Ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, autocracy<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>: quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7.<\/strong> C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y\u2014d\u00f9 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh\u2014\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi<\/strong> tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1ch nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Autocracy, Inc.<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Anne Applebaum<\/strong>, cho th\u1ea5y autocracy ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t, b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh khai ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i (autocracy) trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i (Autocracy): T\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (State-Centric) sang M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi (Network-Centric)  <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. Autocracy nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ckh\u1ed1i\u201d<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn II, khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (democracy vs communism), nh\u01b0ng autocracy hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau:<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n

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  • Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/mark><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trung t\u00e2m<\/mark><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nhau<\/mark><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    T\u1eeb nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Nga, Trung C\u1ed9ng, Iran, Venezuela, Belarus .. v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 <\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 (ideology)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ngo\u00e0i ra, b<\/strong>\u1ed9 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf<\/strong> (Autocracy) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/strong> so v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u autocracy th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh. <\/mark>H\u1ecd h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 an ninh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Autocracy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u201cthuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c\u201d hay \u201cc\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o\u201d x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. <\/strong>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h<\/strong>\u1eadu-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c-h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i (autocracy) th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd thay th\u1ebf<\/strong>\u201d hay ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 marxist, leninist.<\/mark> M\u1ed9t khi ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7nch\u00fang, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Propaganda, ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Autocracy hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tin,<\/strong> chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, gieo r\u1eafc ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tin r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng<\/strong><\/em> <\/em><\/strong>tin, \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/em><\/strong>\u201d.<\/em><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n

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    \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i d\u1ef1a <\/strong>v\u00e0o <\/strong>s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong>v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/strong>, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sau xung \u0111\u1ed9t Ukraine 2022, Nga loan truy\u1ec1n tin gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u1edf Ukraine\u201d tr\u00ean internet \u2014 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng TC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang web gi\u1ea3 danh khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Latin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan, m\u1ed9t tin gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Trung C\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f9 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh sai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Putin kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t narrative th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadt-gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00fang-sai<\/strong>. X\u00e2m l\u0103ng Ukraine nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ngang nhi\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Ukraine kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Russia Today v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u201cb\u00e1o ch\u00ed th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d kh\u00e1c lan truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do; d\u00f9 ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c k\u00eanh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Trung C\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng firewall v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin, r\u1ed3i \u201cxu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u\u201d c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n (narrative) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong> theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u1eadu-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c-h\u1ec7<\/strong> (post-ideological propaganda<\/em>).<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    III. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a autocracy \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1. Chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf tham nh\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng <\/strong>(<\/strong>Kleptocratic Autocracy<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i <\/strong>ch\u00ednh<\/strong>. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Kleptocracy<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201ctham nh\u0169ng nh\u1ecf l\u1ebb, c\u00f2 con\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/strong>. V\u00ec v\u1eady, tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, chia ch\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec cai tr\u1ecb.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 <\/strong>(<\/strong>Digital<\/strong> <\/strong>Autocracy<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trung C\u1ed9ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 thao t\u00fang d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn<\/strong>, c\u1ea3 trong l\u1eabn ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng camera AI, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201ct\u00edn d\u1ee5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d (social credit) l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n T\u1ea7u, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3 quan ch\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ngo\u00e0i ra, Trung C\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, AI nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 internet ..v..v.. \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh <\/strong>cai tr\u1ecb, <\/strong>ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong>c\u1ee7a <\/strong>Trung C\u1ed9ng<\/strong> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n mua c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cai tr\u1ecb<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf qua lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u2013 Legalized Autocracy (Lawfare)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thao t\u00fang t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quy t\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, thao t\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c<\/strong> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trung C\u1ed9ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cquy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d (right to development)<\/strong> thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong>. <\/mark>Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/strong> \u0111a c\u1ef1c<\/strong>, nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Applebaum m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong>\u201d: thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n\u201d s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n<\/strong>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che ch\u1edf, bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u00e0nh vi chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    V\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y: Trung C\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do Internet<\/strong>, \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1<\/strong>\u201d, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ban h\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadt An ninh m\u1ea1ng<\/strong> (24\/2018) \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0110i\u1ec1u 331 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1<\/strong> v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 (“L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n”<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng, truy t\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Autocracy hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 lu\u1eadt<\/strong>, m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/mark>. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u201d, lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng NGO, lu\u1eadt an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ch\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a\u201d, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Quy ch\u1ee5p<\/strong> phe d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda an ninh<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/strong>, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd v\u00e0o th\u1ebf b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp.<\/mark> H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 \u201ctay sai n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u201d<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c \u201ckh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/strong>\u201d, \u201cgi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong>\u201d l\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong> ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      \u0110i\u1ec1u 331, lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a<\/strong>, an ninh h\u00f3a<\/strong> (securitization<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng narrative ch\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Autocracy kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi<\/strong>, \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Nga v\u00e0 Trung C\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch pha lo\u00e3ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/strong> trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ng<\/strong>\u201d hay \u201cquy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/strong>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh vi chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p\u201d. Nga th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111a c\u1ef1c h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu vai tr\u00f2 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201ch\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh\u201d qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong>, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng, \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        IV. S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/strong>: r\u1eeda ti\u1ec1n, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/strong>: gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, cyber<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. Ngo\u1ea1i giao chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c<\/strong>: l\u00e0m lo\u00e3ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u201cch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/strong>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. Th\u00f4ng tin<\/strong>: chia s\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u201ctin gi\u1ea3\u201d, g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c (disinformation, smear campaigns) khi\u1ebfn d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn hoang mang, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ni\u1ec1m tin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, nh\u01b0ng linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9<\/strong>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7  (ideology) hay l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.V\u1eady, c\u00e1c autocracy kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tin  \u1edf nhau, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n nhau v\u00ec c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 chung l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • G<\/strong>i\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: \u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh (\u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ed1 \u00fd)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 autocracy l\u00e0 ch<\/strong>o th\u1ea5y <\/strong>vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong>, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong> v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a<\/strong> trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ch\u00ednh tham v\u1ecdng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u00e0nh vi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh <\/strong>qua l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cth\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/strong>\u201d,\u201ckinh doanh t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong>\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201ct\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong>\u201d. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng chi\u00eau b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Trung C\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu tr\u1ecf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qua s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed7 an to\u00e0n cho ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea9n, cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, PR cho autocrats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

             Vi\u1ec7c \u201ch\u1ee3p t\u00e1c\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ea1o l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e2y c\u00e1nh cho nh\u00f3m ch\u1ed1ng minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/strong> khi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n, suy y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n

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            \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

            V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1\/ H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft <\/strong>Ostpolitik & kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t Nga<\/strong>: V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, <\/strong>Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c Willy Brandt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Ostpolitik nh\u1eb1m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u qua \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 <\/strong>h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng <\/strong>h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Nga sang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/strong>cao \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 <\/strong>\u201ch\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong>.<\/strong> Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng, khai th\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 an ninh cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Nga<\/strong>, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga.
            2\/ T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nga v\u00e0 Trung C\u1ed9ng \u1edf London, New York<\/strong>: C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u01b0 Nga, Venezuela, Zimbabwe\u2026 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, citizenship-by-investment ..v..v..\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch<\/strong>, sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eeda qua ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha hay Andorra \u2014 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u201cb\u1ea9n\u201d nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n<\/strong>. Autocracy<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng \u201cch\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d, h\u1ecd khai th\u00e1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            VI. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. \u00c1<\/strong>p l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (Structural pressure): <\/strong>Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              Trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0: H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf \u2192 Trung l\u01b0u h\u00f3ang\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\u2192 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a.<\/mark> <\/strong>Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              C\u00e1c autocracy l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Trung C\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c: Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf + t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng + ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb + c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t = \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9.<\/mark> <\/strong>Trung C\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 400 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra hai bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u201cdemocratic teleology\u201d: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/mark><\/strong>. <\/strong>Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn autocracy nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 thi n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i <\/strong>t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • C\u1ea1nh tranh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb (governance competition)<\/strong>: <\/strong>Autocracy hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn ki\u1ec3u Li\u00ean X\u00f4. <\/strong>Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 <\/strong>hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, <\/strong>quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh (\u00edt b\u00e0n c\u00e3i, tranh t\u1ee5ng..), v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 sinh ra r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n <\/strong>\u201cdemocracy is chaotic\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/strong>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n

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                  \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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                  • \u00c1<\/strong>p l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf: \u0110\u00f2n b\u1ea9y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    Weaponized interdependence<\/strong>:<\/strong> Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Henry Farrell v\u00e0 Abraham Newman m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 ..v..v.. \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Trung C\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/strong> Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm), n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ..v..v.. \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, \u0111e d\u1ecda, g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u00ean doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (coercive leverage). V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: Trung C\u1ed9ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nam H\u00e0n khi Nam H\u00e0n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n THAAD tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, n\u0103m 2016; ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, du l\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00ec ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Akaichi v\u1ec1 an ninh Nh\u1eadt n\u1ebfu \u0110\u00e0i Loan b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, n\u0103m 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a kinh t\u1ebf.<\/mark> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u00e8n \u00e9p tinh vi, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u0103n \u0111e phi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (<\/strong>Non-military deterrence).<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • \u00c1<\/strong>p l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (cognitive warfare) <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t. Autocracy kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00f4ng t\u1ec7 \u0111i<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      1. Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o th\u00f4ng tin (Disinformation):<\/strong> <\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m tin, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi<\/strong>.<\/mark> Khi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tin ai \u2192 ni\u1ec1m tin th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      2. Khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c (<\/strong>Amplification of polarization<\/strong>). <\/strong>\u0110\u00e0o s\u00e2u chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a. Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ef1c \u0111oan g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ..v..v..<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                        Autocracy hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5: Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00f3 t\u00ea li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong<\/strong>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 autocracy \u0111ang m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n v\u00ec m\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        • Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c (<\/strong>Narrative warfare<\/strong>): <\/strong>Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u00f4ng th\u1ecbnh, T\u00e2y suy\u201d, \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y suy t\u00e0n\u201d, \u201cD\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n\u201d, \u201c\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d, \u201cD\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d, \u201cKinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d ..v..v..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
                          \n
                          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                          \u0110i\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/strong>, c\u1ed5 s\u00fay <\/strong>b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 <\/strong>ngay trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng trong gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n
                          • \u00c1p l\u1ef1c do ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, minh b\u1ea1ch, quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u1eadm. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, autocracy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh l\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft cho autocracy d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            1. Strategic corruption<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                              D\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi autocracy \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qua lobby, think tanks, media, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              VII. \u0110\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do <\/h3>\n\n\n
                              \n
                              \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
                                \n
                              1. Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u201cdemocracy promotion\u201d sang \u201canti-kleptocracy strategy\u201d<\/strong>. <\/strong>Thay v\u00ec c\u1ed5 s\u00fay d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chung chung, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh, minh b\u1ea1ch s\u1edf h\u1eefu, truy v\u1ebft t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              2. V\u0169 trang <\/strong>h\u00f3a <\/strong>ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n (weaponize rule of law)<\/strong>. <\/strong>Khai d\u1ee5ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, truy t\u1ed1 r\u1eeda ti\u1ec1n, vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              3. Li\u00ean minh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/strong>. <\/strong>kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, th\u00f4ng tin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              4. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00f4ng tin<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N<\/strong>\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n disinformation. C<\/strong>oi th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng an ninh<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              5. T\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong>: <\/strong>gi\u1ea3m b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, <\/strong>t\u00e1i l\u1eadp kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              6. T\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/mark>
                                <\/strong>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong> d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/strong><\/mark>trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n <\/mark>(democratic drift), b\u1ecb s\u00f3i m\u00f2n t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang-sai t\u1ed1t-x\u1ea5u<\/mark> (b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u2018t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u2019).
                                \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng:<\/mark><\/strong>\n