{"id":27995,"date":"2026-05-26T19:25:51","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T19:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=27995"},"modified":"2026-05-26T19:25:54","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T19:25:54","slug":"huong-toi-mot-the-che-dan-chu-lay-con-nguoi-lam-cung-dich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=27995","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Th\u1ec3 Ch\u1ebf D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 L\u1ea5y Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m C\u00f9ng \u0110\u00edch<\/strong>
Tr\u1ecdng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"
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__________________________<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Human-Centered Constitutional Democracy<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, sau nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cD\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong>\u201d (Growth-first democracy), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1m ho\u00e3n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u1ede th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cD\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m<\/strong>\u201d (State-first democracy) m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Trung C\u1ed9ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, B\u1eafc H\u00e0n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 “chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human-centered).<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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M\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7?<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi l\u1ebd d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/strong>. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/mark> C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u<\/strong>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 L\u1ea5y Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m C\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch<\/strong> <\/mark>(Human-Centered Constitutional Democracy) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn<\/mark><\/strong>. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd\u2013th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf (Moral-institutional structure)<\/strong><\/mark>, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen, h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/strong> (v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong> (v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh vi mang t\u00ednh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c), \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C<\/strong>\u00e1c <\/strong>y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh <\/strong>c\u1ea7n <\/strong>c\u00f3 <\/strong>c\u1ee7a <\/strong>m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady <\/strong>s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 (dignity) <\/strong>kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh (constitutional meta-norm)<\/strong><\/mark> \u2014 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 (dignity) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do (liberty) l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh (legitimacy)<\/mark> <\/strong>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 GDP kh\u00f4 khan, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng hay nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n<\/mark><\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5<\/strong> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf hay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Khi <\/strong>nh\u00e2n <\/strong>ph\u1ea9m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/strong>th\u00ec<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u0111a s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (Majoritarian distortion), t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n h\u00f3a) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • an ninh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, hy sinh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng (Growth-first democracy). V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nam H\u00e0n th\u1eddi TT Ph\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh Hy,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m (State-first democracy). V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Singapore, Trung C\u1ed9ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u2018<\/strong>ai cai tr\u1ecb<\/strong>\u2019<\/strong> sang \u2018<\/strong>quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c <\/strong>cai tr\u1ecb <\/strong>b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n <\/strong>\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, <\/strong>ra sao<\/strong>\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m: quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh<\/mark>.<\/strong> Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m.<\/strong> Nh\u00e2n<\/strong> Ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eady.<\/strong><\/mark> M\u1ed9t khi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn phi ch\u00ednh danh n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh t\u00edch, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/strong> N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 <\/strong>\u0111\u1ebfn <\/strong>t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Khi Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh danh t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c), nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh tinh th\u1ea7n (s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m kh\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n), nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb”, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    II. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ph\u00e1t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea9m sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a trao ban v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m.<\/mark><\/strong> V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n sau khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u00fd ch\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/mark>. <\/strong>Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng.<\/mark> <\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u1ea3o ng\u00f4n, kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n (symbolic rhetoric).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/mark>. <\/strong>M\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e0 \u2018kim ch\u1ec9 Nam\u2019 cho m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a quy\u1ec1n<\/mark> <\/strong>(Rights Before Rule).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n
      \n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, q<\/strong>uy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/strong> khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 x\u00e2y tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      III. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng: Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1ef1 do (liberty) v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (equality) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb song h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u1eeba h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eeba gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u1eabn nhau.<\/mark><\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u00e0o tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, gi\u1eb1ng co li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • T\u1ef1 do tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i <\/strong>s\u1ebd<\/strong> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn<\/strong> b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/strong>, t\u1eadp trung t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cao s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng <\/strong>tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn<\/strong> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1ef1 do, can thi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>. Nh\u00e2n danh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u201cx\u00f3a b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. Chi\u00eau b\u00e0i \u201cC\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc VN \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng <\/strong>nh\u1eb1m <\/strong>tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau <\/strong>s\u1ef1 <\/strong>c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y<\/strong>; nh\u01b0ng<\/strong> ph\u1ea3i<\/strong> thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb n\u00f3<\/strong> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/strong>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1.<\/strong> <\/mark>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng gian trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          IV. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft v\u00ec m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn; n\u00f3 ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n, ch\u1ebft m\u00f2n khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch t\u1ee5, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 L\u1ea5y Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m C\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch (Human-Centered Constitutional Democracy) c\u1ea7n:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

          \n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
            \n
          • ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • minh b\u1ea1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            S\u1ef1 t\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf  m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            V. C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh: \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn l\u1edbn l\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong>. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/strong>.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t sang d\u00e2n t\u00fay c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh (m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c m\u1ecb d\u00e2n); c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u00f3a; xem th\u01b0\u1eddng, khinh mi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. Khai ph\u00f3ng<\/strong>.<\/strong> Khai ph\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u an ninh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n khai ph\u00f3ng; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; v\u0103n h\u00f3a tranh lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u00fd th\u1ee9c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              Tocqueville t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u201cth\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim\u201d gi\u1eef cho d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              VI. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

              Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/strong> Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Weimar c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c (1919-1933) l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng: m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7<\/strong> (self-defending democracy): b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u0103n s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u c\u1eed; ch\u1ed1ng thao t\u00fang th\u00f4ng tin quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Khoan dung kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              VII. T\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh (legitimacy) trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI: T\u1eeb th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c sang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

              Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, d\u00f9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n\n\n

              \n
              \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n