{"id":29895,"date":"2026-11-06T22:48:17","date_gmt":"2026-11-06T22:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=29895"},"modified":"2026-11-06T22:48:20","modified_gmt":"2026-11-06T22:48:20","slug":"chu-nghia-cong-hoa-hien-dinh-lay-con-nguoi-lam-trung-tamhuman-centered-constitutional-republicanism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=29895","title":{"rendered":"CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A C\u1ed8NG H\u00d2A HI\u1ebeN \u0110\u1ecaNH
L\u1ea4Y CON NG\u01af\u1edcI L\u00c0M TRUNG T\u00c2M
HUMAN-CENTERED CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLICANISM<\/strong>
Tr\u1ecdng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"
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T\u1eeb Res Publica \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n<\/em><\/strong> C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em><\/strong> Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI<\/em><\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai ch\u1eef \u201cc\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\u201d qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay. \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef “c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a” n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u00e1o khoa gi\u1ea3ng d\u1eady v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00edch nghi qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trong d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 4, n\u0103m 1975. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi hai th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch: Mi\u1ec1n Nam, d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n; Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a. Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a XHCN Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a? Ai \u0111ang l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n hay \u0111\u1ea3ng CS? L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng? M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y mong mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecbnh L\u1ea5y Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0m Trung T\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh. CON NG\u01af\u1edcI: \u0110I\u1ec2M KH\u1edeI \u0110\u1ea6U C\u1ee6A TR\u1eacT T\u1ef0 CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/strong> l\u00e0<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, t\u1ef1 do, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cQuy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ai, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/strong> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3<\/strong> th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecbnh L\u1ea5y Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0m Trung T\u00e2m<\/mark><\/strong> (Human-Centered Constitutional Republicanism) \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u1ea5y<\/strong>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0 C\u1ee9u C\u00e1nh; Quy\u1ec1n L\u1ef1c Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb L\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec7n.<\/mark><\/strong> (The Human Person Is The End; Power Is The Means.)<\/p>\n\n\n

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Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/strong> Do \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00a0ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb.<\/mark><\/strong> Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp;<\/strong> t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i;<\/strong> t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o;<\/strong> t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb;<\/strong> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/strong> tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c;<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u00fd th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong> <\/strong>(<\/strong>person<\/strong>)<\/strong> sang \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong> <\/strong>(<\/strong>citizen<\/strong>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  • PH\u1ea8M GI\u00c1 CH\u00cdNH L\u00c0 GI\u1edaI H\u1ea0N LU\u00c2N L\u00dd C\u1ee6A QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ef0C<\/mark><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0: T\u1ea1i sao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/strong> C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1<\/strong> l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/strong>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng do<\/strong> nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/strong>.<\/mark> Cho d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea9m Gi\u00e1<\/strong> C\u1ee7a<\/strong> Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong> L\u00e0 Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb T\u1ef1 Th\u00e2n; Quy\u1ec1n L\u1ef1c Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng T\u1ea1o Ra Ph\u1ea9m Gi\u00e1 M\u00e0 B\u1ecb R\u00e0ng Bu\u1ed9c B\u1edfi Ph\u1ea9m Gi\u00e1.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00ec v\u1eady, Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/strong> l\u00e0 k<\/strong>h\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o<\/strong> b\u1ecb<\/strong> bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a<\/strong> n<\/strong>h\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc,<\/strong> c\u1ee7a<\/strong> \u0111a s\u1ed1,<\/strong> c\u1ee7a<\/strong> th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng,<\/strong> c\u1ee7a<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    • Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecbnh L\u1ea5y Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0m Trung T\u00e2m<\/strong> (Human-Centered Constitutional Republicanism)<\/strong><\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo hai ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Republicanism \u2013 C<\/strong>h\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0<\/strong> m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong>, ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>, t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Modern Republicanism \u2013 C<\/strong>h\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (Republican Party)<\/strong> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX sang XXI.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n
        \n
        \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

        N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho t\u00f4i?\u201d<\/strong> m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cAi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb t\u00f4i, b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ra sao<\/strong>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m 5 t\u1ea7ng<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2192 C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u2192 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2192 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u2192 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C<\/strong>\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/strong> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a res publica \u2014 vi\u1ec7c chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        II. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c:<\/strong> res publica<\/mark><\/em><\/strong> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua\u201d<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Republic<\/em> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latin: res publica = public thing \/ public affair = vi\u1ec7c chung, s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 chung.<\/strong> Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua\u201d. \u00dd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb; n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa Kingdom (v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c)<\/strong> m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 vua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi Republic<\/strong> t\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi public<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ai?<\/strong> (Public power belongs to whom?). V\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0: thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong> (to the citizens)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        III. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/strong> c\u1ee7a C<\/strong>h\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

        Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Res publica<\/strong> \u2013 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chung<\/strong> c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Civic liberty<\/strong> \u2013 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u201d, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Rule of law<\/strong> \u2013 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Civic virtue<\/strong> \u2013 n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/strong> v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Popular sovereignty<\/strong> \u2013 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Constitutional government<\/strong> \u2013 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/strong> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7<\/strong> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/strong> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Common good<\/strong> \u2013 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          IV. Ba kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng:  T\u1ef0 DO (LIBERTY) \u2013 \u0110\u1ee8C H\u1ea0NH (VIRTUE) \u2013 PH\u00c1P QUY\u1ec0N (LAW)<\/mark><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

          Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quanh ba tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1. LIBERTY \u2013 T\u1ef0 DO<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ph\u00e1t sinh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do.<\/strong> <\/strong>N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n

          \n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

          C\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • T\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c:<\/strong> Freedom from interference.<\/strong> T\u00f4i t\u1ef1 do khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o t\u00f4i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            V\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u00f4i t\u1ef1 do v\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m t\u00f4i n\u00f3i; kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n b\u1eaft t\u00f4i; kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 l\u00fd v\u00e0o t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a liberalism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Nh\u01b0ng republicanism th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng n\u1eefa.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • T\u1ef1 do trong n\u1ec1n<\/strong> c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a:<\/strong> Freedom from domination<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do n\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              V\u00ed d\u1ee5 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n: M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/strong> can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m thu\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m thu\u00ea v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/em> t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c sa th\u1ea3i anh ta b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p (absence of interference)<\/strong> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t (absence of domination).<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a republicanism hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng neo-republicanism<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Philip Pettit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              V\u00ec v\u1eady,<\/strong> T\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t\u201d<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u00f3i \u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng Republicanism v\u1eabn h\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u00ec ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u00f4ng ta?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai.\u201d th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b<\/strong>\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn<\/strong> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n<\/strong> (<\/strong>arbitrary power)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Do \u0111\u00f3: Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t<\/strong> (Good ruler) ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t<\/strong> <\/strong>x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do<\/strong> (free society).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do<\/strong>(free society) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3: Thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t<\/strong> (Good institutions)<\/strong> + Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (<\/strong>limited power)<\/strong> + Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh (<\/strong>accountability)<\/strong> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t<\/strong> (Good ruler)<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong> l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m Trung t\u00e2m<\/strong> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

              \n
              \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
                \n
              • Ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/strong> (separation of powers);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/strong> (checks and balances);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong> (independent judiciary);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong> (constitutional limits);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/strong> (representative government);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3<\/strong> (periodic elections);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/strong> (freedom of speech);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • T\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i<\/strong> (freedom of association);<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/strong> (due process).<\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • CIVIC VIRTUE \u2013 \u0110\u1ee8C H\u1ea0NH C\u00d4NG D\u00c2N<\/mark><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u1ef1 do (liberalism) hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i khi xem nh\u1eb9, \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef1 do n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m<\/strong>\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/strong>. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i chung<\/strong> <\/strong>(common good) b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/strong> (private interest).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i hy sinh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang, s\u1ebd<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 do cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n

                  Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0 C\u1ee9u C\u00e1nh; Quy\u1ec1n L\u1ef1c Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb L\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec7n<\/em><\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

                  V\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00ec h\u00f4m nay b\u00e1o ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y mai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean mong manh<\/strong>, b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/strong> V\u00ec v\u1eady, m<\/strong>\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ngay c\u1ea3 khi thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch phe m\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
                    \n
                    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                    N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong<\/strong> <\/mark>(institutions limit power from the outside; civic virtue limits power from within.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Do \u0111\u00f3: \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong> (Civic virtue) l\u00e0<\/strong> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch phe nh\u00f3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00eau ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • MADISON: GI\u1ea2I PH\u00c1P C\u1ee6A C\u1ed8NG H\u00d2A HI\u1ebeN \u0110\u1ecaNH<\/mark><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ee5 Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      James Madison v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Federalists<\/strong> hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Madison<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u00e3y t\u00ecm v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u00d4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 logic c\u1ee7a Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh<\/strong> (<\/strong>Checks and balances)<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/strong> (trust the rulers)<\/strong> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n<\/strong> (distrust concentrated power)<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/strong> Tam Quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e2n L\u1eadp<\/strong>: L\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p<\/strong> (Legislature) <-> H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p<\/strong> Executive <-><\/strong> T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/strong> (Judiciary)<\/p>\n\n\n

                      \n
                      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                      v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n: C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong> (Citizens)<\/strong><\/mark>
                      \u2192 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/strong> (press)
                      \u2192 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/strong> (civil society)
                      \u2192 B\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/strong> (elections)
                      \u2192 Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft Li\u00ean bang<\/strong> (federalism)
                      \u2192 Lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/strong> (constitutional law)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/strong> C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/strong> (republican constitutionalism).<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Ngo\u00e0i ra,Alexis de Tocqueville c\u00f2n b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3: hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t; b\u1ea7u c\u1eed; ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n; t\u00f2a \u00e1n; nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/strong> suy tho\u00e1i n\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n suy y\u1ebfu.<\/strong> Tocqueville \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn: c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n<\/strong> (associations).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c; th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh; ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m; gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t; ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/strong> (Civil society)<\/strong> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a republican citizenship.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. N\u1ebfu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n: Individual \u2192 State<\/strong> th\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: Individual \u2192 Family \u2192 Church \u2192 Association \u2192 Community \u2192 State<\/strong> th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      V. Quy\u1ec1n: Th\u1ec3 Ch\u1ebf H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 Do<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      T\u1ef1 do ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n (rights).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/mark>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

                      \n
                      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                      VI. C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n \u00cdch Chung<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng  ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00ec v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m Thi\u1ec7n \u00cdch Chung<\/strong> (Common good).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Thi\u1ec7n \u00edch chung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p; c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; hay t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Thi\u1ec7n \u00edch chung l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      VII. Republicanism kh\u00e1c liberalism (Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do) ra sao?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (<\/strong>Liberalism) s\u1ebd<\/strong> h\u1ecfi:<\/strong> \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec?\u201d<\/strong> N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,<\/strong> Liberalism ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong> (rights).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (<\/strong>Republicanism) s\u1ebd c\u00f2n<\/strong> h\u1ecfi th\u00eam:<\/strong> \u201cAi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i?\u201d<\/strong> Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Republicanism \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n<\/strong> (power).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Liberalism: \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Republicanism: \u201cKh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p<\/strong> \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean<\/strong> t\u00f4i s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau<\/strong> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Liberalism<\/strong> \u2192 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (protects the individual)
                      Republicanism<\/strong> \u2192 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb (protects the citizen from domination)
                      Constitutionalism<\/strong> \u2192 Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (constrains political power)
                      Democracy<\/strong> \u2192 Cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (gives citizens political agency)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Khi b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p: Liberal Constitutional Republicanism<\/strong><\/strong> m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft qua b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (Liberalism)<\/strong><\/td>Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (Republicanism)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
                      T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/td>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/td><\/tr>
                      T\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p<\/td>T\u1ef1 do c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr>
                      Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 common good<\/td><\/tr>
                      Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh individual rights (quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n)<\/td>Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh civic rights (quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) + civic duties<\/td><\/tr>
                      C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/td>C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                      VIII<\/strong>. Republicanism v\u00e0 Conservatism (Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      Hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Conservatism<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng; tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1; gia \u0111\u00ecnh; t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Republicanism<\/strong> quan t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (citizenship); t\u1ef1 do (liberty); l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung (common good); nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh (constitutional government); kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p ch\u1ebf (non-domination); v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh (accountability).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: conservative nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng republican<\/strong>, ho\u1eb7c republican nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng conservative<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n

                      \n
                      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                      V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t republicanism, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1edfi l\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      IX<\/strong>. Lu\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1 (<\/strong>Majority rule)<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Republic<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: 50% + 1 \u2192 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Nh\u01b0ng Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh (constitutional republicanism) quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 (majority)<\/strong> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i<\/strong> c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec n\u1ebfu 51% c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a 49% th\u00ec Lu\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1 (<\/strong>majority rule)<\/strong> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/strong> Chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111a s\u1ed1 (<\/strong>tyranny of majority)<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      V\u1eady, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong> (democracy) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/strong> (majority rule).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Lu\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/strong> (Majority rule); quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1<\/strong> (minority rights); Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong> (constitutional limits); ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/strong> (rule of law); \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong> (independent institutions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c constitutional democracy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      X<\/strong>. Republicanism v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d: N<\/strong>gh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/strong>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi: quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,<\/strong> m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 The Republican Paradox:<\/strong> Strong Enough To Govern, Yet<\/strong> Limited Enough To Not Dominate.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u00f3, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb khi \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/strong> cho <\/strong>quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ef1 do, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00ean ng\u00f4i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf (oligarchs); c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n (corporations); c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m (criminal organizations); nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 (wealthy interests); l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00f9ng (local strongmen).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      V\u00ec v\u1eady: Too little state<\/strong> \u2192 disorder, private domination. Too much state<\/strong> \u2192 political domination.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Republicanism t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: <\/mark>M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/mark><\/strong> <\/mark>(limited but capable government).<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i: <\/mark>M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m <\/mark><\/strong>(weak government).<\/strong> Do \u0111\u00f3 republicanism ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 public domination l\u1eabn private domination<\/strong>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, mong manh <\/strong>\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o, b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      REPUBLICAN FREEDOM:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      • Freedom<\/strong>: Non-domination<\/strong> \u2192 T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u00f4i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Rule of Law<\/strong> \u2192 M\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Constitutional Limits<\/strong> \u2192 Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, ngay c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Civic Agency<\/strong> \u2192 C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb; c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tham d\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Institutional Accountability<\/strong> \u2192 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Common Good<\/strong> \u2192 N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        XI<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI: Corporate Power,<\/strong> Big Tech v\u00e0 AI<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n
                        \n
                        \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (republicanism) tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nan \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI) \u0111ang gia t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng domination kh\u00f4ng?<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Internet. Nh\u01b0ng republicanism bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb?<\/strong> (Who controls the conditions under which citizens exercise political judgment?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        AI<\/strong> (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o) l\u00e0m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed: AI \u2192 data \u2192 prediction \u2192 behavioral manipulation \u2192 political influence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        th\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cAI c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng?\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ai ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t AI?<\/strong> v\u00e0 AI ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hay c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb<\/strong> AI qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a republicanism. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong> (Human sovereignty).<\/strong> N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef republican: Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng digital republicanism<\/strong>: c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong suy t\u01b0<\/strong> <\/strong>trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        XII<\/strong>. C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a (<\/strong>Republic)<\/strong> v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Ph\u1ea9m (<\/strong>Human Dignity)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong> republicanism<\/strong> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        • Republicanism<\/strong> n\u00f3i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 vua.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/strong>: Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m (Human dignity) l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0<\/strong> c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                          N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p Nh\u00e2n Ph\u1ea9m<\/strong> (Human dignity) + T\u1ef1 Do Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong> (constitutional liberty) + Tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong> (civic participation) + Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/strong> (rule of law) ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong> (constitutional republic)<\/strong> v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i <\/strong>(authoritarian republic<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          XIII. T\u00ean \u201cC\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ean Republic, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i; \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. V\u1eady Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          V\u00ec v\u1eady ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: Nominal Republic<\/strong>, ch\u1ec9<\/strong> mang t\u00ean c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/strong> v\u1edbi Constitutional Republic<\/strong>, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1i t\u00ean. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1eb1m \u1edf:<\/p>\n\n\n

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                          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n