{"id":3100,"date":"2020-07-02T23:30:27","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T23:30:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3100"},"modified":"2025-07-06T16:26:32","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T16:26:32","slug":"giai-doan-dau-tranh-sat-mau-sau-1954","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3100","title":{"rendered":"Giai \u0110o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh S\u1eaft M\u00e1u Sau 1954"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>V\u00f5 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Geneve 1954 l\u00e0 hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Gi\u1ea3m T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch: Phong tr\u00e0o di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o Nam, vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp k\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 50 ng\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 an ninh. Do \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m n\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ta s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2013 Giai \u0111\u1ecdan \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u<br>\u2013 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eeda sai<br>\u2013 Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc<br>\u2013 Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t 1951-1956 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch s\u1eeda sai.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. Giai \u0110o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh \u0110\u1eabm M\u00e1u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1955 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 Khu r\u1eebng n\u00fai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (xem b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m)<br>\u2013 V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng Nh\u1ecb H\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3m t\u00f4, th\u00ec trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c&nbsp;<em>\u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3m t\u00f4\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t<a href=\"http:\/\/amigalink.com\/ccrd\/bando1.gif\">&nbsp;(xem b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3m t\u00f4, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng do s\u1ef1&nbsp;<em>\u201cc\u00e0n \u0111i qu\u00e9t l\u1ea1i\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201ck\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 sau cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gia t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1ed3i ngon cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u00e0nh cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n su\u1ed1t trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e3 qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng giao cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qua m\u1ed9t Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u1ee7y vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng; d\u01b0\u1edbi trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i x\u00e3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qua \u1ee7y ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t c\u00e1n, b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trung ki\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Sau m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t c\u00e1n b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t sau. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u0103m th\u00f9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956, \u0111\u1ee3t C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t T\u1ed5ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ri\u00eang trong \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00e0y; \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh coi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201cnh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00ec tr\u1eddi\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t gh\u00ea g\u1edbm nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt k\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 (n\u00e2ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7) c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 c\u00f3 100 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00ec d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee7 hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho ra \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 5%) n\u1ebfu h\u01a1n c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i quy cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u00e1c b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c k\u00e9m, v.v\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed9c&nbsp;<em>\u201cph\u00f3ng tay ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng quy m\u00f4 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, sau khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 theo ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng khi c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sai, trong cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 23 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trung ki\u00ean b\u1ecb&nbsp;<em>\u201cch\u1ebft oan\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean&nbsp;<em>\u201ckh\u00f4ng trung ki\u00ean\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft&nbsp;<em>\u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trung n\u00f4ng, ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb&nbsp;<em>\u201ck\u00edch\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111em \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1. Th\u00ea th\u1ea3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u00e1c b\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e2n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee5p m\u0169 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2026.\u201dCu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5u \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n \u0110\u00f4, b\u00ed th\u01b0 huy\u1ec7n \u1ee7y t\u1ea1i \u00d4 C\u1ea7u Gi\u1ea5y ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\u2026\u201d \u2026.\u201dN\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n \u0110\u00f4 l\u00e0 b\u00ed th\u01b0 huy\u1ec7n \u1ee7y, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u00e1c b\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111i ch\u0103n ng\u1ef1a cho \u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4. M\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 kh\u00e1c l\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng hi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 117 l\u1ea7n, v.v\u2026. \u0110\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00ean ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ecfi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho B\u00e1c cho kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u00d4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i l\u00e0: \u201cTh\u01b0a b\u00e0, b\u00e0 c\u00f2n qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebb ra b\u00e0 n\u1eefa\u201d. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadt c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5t v\u1ebb t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng h\u00f4 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201c\u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o t\u00ean \u0110\u00f4 ngoan c\u1ed1\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 che l\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng cho \u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp. H\u1ecd ngh\u1ecb \u00e1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1eed t\u1eed \u00f4ng ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 5 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng t\u1edbi 13 gi\u1edd, t\u1ee9c 1 gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a m\u1edbi xong\u201d.<\/em>&nbsp;(Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e2n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eafc m\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u1ea9n \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng khi th\u1eb3ng tay tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trung ki\u00ean, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng t\u1eeb 15 t\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd gi\u1ebft oan ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u1ea9n \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u. \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy hi\u1ec3m cho \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea3ng, quy t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng t\u01b0, s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3i h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n tay qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t cho h\u1ebft h\u1eadu h\u1ecda. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u201cH\u1ed3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch\u201d v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d, m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0m sai, n\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi ch\u1ebft c\u00f2n tung h\u00f4 \u201cH\u1ed3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee8ng C\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0a \u0110\u1ebfn Quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ecbnh S\u1eeda Sai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eaft m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean th\u1ee3 th\u01a1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea1t d\u00e2n. T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cGi\u1ebft, gi\u1ebft n\u1eefa, b\u00e0n tay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00fat ngh\u1ec9<br>Cho ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa t\u1ed1t, thu\u1ebf mau xong,<br>Cho \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng r\u1eadp b\u01b0\u1edbc chung l\u00f2ng<br>Th\u1edd Mao ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, th\u1edd S\u00edt ta lin\u2026 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f2n Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u c\u0169ng cu\u1ed3ng say v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0110\u1ecba h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ra tro<br>L\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd tan x\u01b0\u01a1ng<br>Th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c cho s\u00e1ng kh\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng,<br>Th\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ed1c cho s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00eam nay. L\u00f4i c\u1ed5 b\u1ecdn n\u00f3 ra \u0111\u00e2y<br>B\u1eaft qu\u1ef3 g\u1ee5c xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y ch\u1ebft th\u00f4i.<\/em><br>(tr\u00edch Tr\u0103m Hoa \u0110ua N\u1edf Tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t B\u1eafc, trang 22 v\u00e0 23)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng ph\u1eabn m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a v\u00f5 trang n\u1ed5i d\u1eady quy m\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch gi\u1ebft c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1956, Krushchev \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n trong \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u00f4ng khai l\u00ean \u00e1n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Satalin qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Stalin, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ed9i b\u1eaft d\u00e2n Nga s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Stalin nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng trong H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20, C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i&nbsp;<em>\u201cch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft Stalin\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a Stalin \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi&nbsp;<em>\u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 Stalin v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 kh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbch. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, sau khi l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Beria v\u00e0 Malenkov, phe c\u1ee7a Krushchev c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ee5c&nbsp;<em>\u201cb\u1ecdn t\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Stalin \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho phe ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee5 kh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Krushchev nh\u1eb1m qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o cho m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng&nbsp;<em>\u201cs\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/em>, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c1 Phi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i trung l\u1eadp th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201cPhi Li\u00ean K\u1ebft\u201d<\/em>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>\u201cH\u00f2a D\u1ecbu\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;nh\u1eb1m ru ng\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh: M\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Li\u00ean X\u00f4, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i gi\u1ea3m v\u0169 trang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi th\u00e2m \u00fd nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, Krushchev ph\u00e1i Nikoyan sang H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>\u201cx\u00e9t l\u1ea1i\u201d<\/em>. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n em r\u1eb1ng&nbsp;<em>\u201cKh\u00ed th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang ph\u1eebng ph\u1eebng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebd l\u1ea1i d\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t g\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 anh em n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d<\/em>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1eabn b\u00edt k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn&nbsp;<em>\u201cch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1956, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1eebng tay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1956, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch&nbsp;<em>\u201cB\u00e1ch Gia Tranh Minh, B\u00e1ch Hoa T\u1ec1 Ph\u00f3ng\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u0103m th\u1ee9 hoa \u0111ua n\u1edf. V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;<em>\u201cm\u1edf m\u1ed3m n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y 28-6-1956 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ba Lan s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean bvi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf Poznan ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i T\u1ef1 Do, c\u01a1m \u00e1o. Ng\u00e0y 23-10-1956 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Hung Gia L\u1ee3i n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf Budapest khi\u1ebfn Krushchev ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u1ed1 ch\u1edd cho cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee3t \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, m\u1edbi ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecdi v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10-1956 Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng ra ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft&nbsp;<em>\u201cs\u1eeda sai\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch s\u1eeda sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u00e0nh cho \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean Li\u00ean x\u00f4. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ecdn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng l\u00e0m con v\u1eadt t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed Th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t). M\u01b0\u1eddi hai ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong t\u00f9 v\u00ec b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ed3 r\u1ea5t cao khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 kh\u00f3c th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb th\u1ee9 10 c\u1ee7a Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p thay m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u00fa nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn Trung \u01af\u01a1ng h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sai. S\u1ef1 s\u1eeda sai \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 theo nh\u01b0 V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00ean Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00ec th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m, theo \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 \u201cqu\u00e1 tay\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1.<br>\u2013 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trung n\u00f4ng, li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 k\u1ebb th\u00f9.<br>\u2013 X\u1eed t\u1eed oan ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay, \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch b\u1eeba b\u00e3i, tra t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i.<br>\u2013 X\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<br>\u2013 Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb9 tay v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cs\u1eeda sai\u201d c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ph\u1eabn b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ph\u1eabn x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1eeda sai l\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201csai l\u1ea7m\u201d trong vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u201cqu\u00e1 tay\u201d l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft oan, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft oan ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai b\u1ecb truy t\u1ed1 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ngang nhi\u00ean coi vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 gi\u1ebft oan v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u201cl\u1ee1 tay\u201d, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7i tay xin l\u1ed7i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 hoan to\u00e0n v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u201cs\u1eeda sai\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00f9ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>III. Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Ti\u1ebfp C\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee7i tay c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh khi \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn, c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea5u tranh C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cTr\u0103m Hoa \u0110ua N\u1edf Tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t B\u1eafc\u201d nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSau khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trung ki\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 v\u1ec1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 th\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u00ecm ngay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1ed1 sai\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t, gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean m\u1edbi lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. Uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb x\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e2m ra hoang mang. Trong d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nguy\u1ec5n S\u00e1ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc:<strong>&nbsp;<em>\u201cL\u1ea1c quan sai; bi quan c\u0169ng sai; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hoang mang m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u1ede n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111i h\u1ecdp ph\u1ea3i mang b\u00faa theo \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cth\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn\u201d v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha v\u1ec1, th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf nh\u1edd c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u201cti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\u201d h\u1ed3i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng, ch\u00f3t nghe l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea3ng \u201ct\u1ed1 \u0111i\u00eau\u201d nay s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb r\u1ea1ch m\u1ed3m, c\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee1i, c\u0169ng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1p x\u00edch-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111i \u1edf thu\u00ea. V\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0103m th\u00f9 \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n lan ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, l\u00e2y cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u201cNam b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp k\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 b\u00f3t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t B\u1edd h\u1ed3 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ga t\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed1 C\u1ea7u g\u1ed7)\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u00e0nh kh\u0103n tang c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Cho t\u1edbi nay, kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n s\u00e1t. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1&nbsp;<em>\u201ck\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1956 kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4 tri\u1ec7u gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ta h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed 2% gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o giai c\u1ea5p c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed5 \u0111en c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng. Qua k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt&nbsp;<em>\u201ck\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7\u201d<\/em>, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 trung ki\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111em ra gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 2% m\u1ed7i x\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ean to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 80.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch&nbsp;<em>\u201ck\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;theo \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1 ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u01b0a ai nghe th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i bang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ed7i c\u0103m h\u1eddn u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng sau khi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sai, th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a) \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ef1 coi l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 k\u1ebd t\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean th\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1i gian \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1c l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0m sai ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea3ng, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn ra H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 qu\u00e1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. Nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec ch\u00fang n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ea5u tay, x\u00fai giai c\u1ea5p n\u1ecd gi\u1ebft giai c\u1ea5p kia \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n trong tay, c\u00f2n h\u1ecd th\u00ec th\u00e2n c\u00f4 th\u1ebf c\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">b) Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng, trung n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng th\u00ec nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 n\u1eb1m tr\u1ed1c th\u1edbt. Tuy t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00ec ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng tr\u00f4ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee5p m\u0169, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201cli\u00ean quan\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;<em>\u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>\u201cli\u00ean quan\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<em>\u201cli\u00ean quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o\u201d<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00f2ng c\u00f2n c\u0103m h\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ngo ngoe. Duy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u00e1m hi\u00ean ngang \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngay \u0111\u1ea7u cho t\u1edbi khi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Gia, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho t\u1edbi khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd thanh to\u00e1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n sau (!!!). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u1edb n\u1ecd c\u1edb kia \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ng\u01b0ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng ngay t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ebfn chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t \u0111au l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u0103m h\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i khi h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sai, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau khi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh l\u01b0u, Ngh\u1ec7 An.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra ngay t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Ngh\u1ec7 An, qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ngay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh nh\u00e0, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh r\u1ea5t c\u0103m h\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n Nam B\u1ed9 T\u1eadp K\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i h\u01a1n 6.000 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u00edt k\u00edn m\u1ecdi tin t\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecdt ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ngh\u1ec7 An n\u1ed5i d\u1eady d\u00f9ng g\u1eady g\u1ed9c, d\u00e1o m\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng th\u00ec v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc d\u00f9ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat, \u0111\u00e1nh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i v\u0103n, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u01a1 s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<br>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eadt c\u00f4ng danh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u00f4i<br>S\u00e9t n\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng x\u00f4 t\u00f4i ng\u00e3<br>B\u00fat gi\u1ea5y t\u00f4i, ai c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eadt \u0111i<br>T\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng dao vi\u1ebft v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1<\/em><br>(Ph\u00f9ng Qu\u00e1n trong b\u00e0i \u201cL\u1eddi m\u1eb9 d\u1eb7n\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u1edfi ra ngo\u00e0i, b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng m\u1ef1c \u0111en, khi\u1ebfn cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v.v\u2026. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n thi h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n&nbsp;<em>\u201cTr\u0103m Hoa \u0110ua N\u1edf\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t, d\u00f9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trung th\u1ef1c s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N\u1ed9i Dung Cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i D\u1eady C\u1ee7a V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7 S\u0129 V\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch&nbsp;<strong>Giai Ph\u1ea9m 1956<\/strong>&nbsp;c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<strong>Giai Ph\u1ea9m M\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 3-1956, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch s\u1eeda sai . Sau khi Nikoyan sang H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 s\u1eeda sai, th\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi&nbsp;<strong>Giai Ph\u1ea9m M\u00f9a Thu<\/strong>&nbsp;(29-8-1956)&nbsp;<strong>Giai Ph\u1ea9m M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng<\/strong>&nbsp;(1956), t\u1edd b\u00e1o&nbsp;<strong>Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n<\/strong>&nbsp;(li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1), t\u1edd&nbsp;<strong>\u0110\u1ea5t M\u1edbi<\/strong>, tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o&nbsp;<strong>Tr\u0103m Hoa<\/strong>, t\u1edd nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o&nbsp;<strong>Th\u1eddi M\u1edbi<\/strong>, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00e1o&nbsp;<strong>V\u0103n<\/strong>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u00e1o&nbsp;<strong>Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n&nbsp;<strong>Giai Ph\u1ea9m<\/strong>, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quen g\u1ecdi phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u00e0&nbsp;<strong>Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0&nbsp;<strong>\u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng<\/strong>&nbsp;tr\u00ean hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng<br>\u2013 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phong tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, ch\u0129a m\u0169i d\u00f9i v\u00e0o&nbsp;<strong>ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u01b0 doanh<\/strong>&nbsp;t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o li\u00ean minh&nbsp;<strong>giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh<\/strong>&nbsp;gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n&nbsp;<em>\u201cN\u1eafng Chi\u1ec1u\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00fat k\u00fd, t\u1ea1p v\u0103n, b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, may nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0110o\u00e0n Gi\u1ecfi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111em ra m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean b\u00e1o&nbsp;<em>V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 15, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e1ng 8-1958, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110o\u00e0n Gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb ch\u1eedi b\u1edbi c\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng. T\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan kh\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed1n N\u1eafng Chi\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;<em>Nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u201cTi\u1ebfng Chim\u201d, \u201cTh\u00e1i V\u0103n Thu\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;<em>Ba \u00d4ng Vua<\/em>&nbsp;C\u00e0n Long, Quang Trung v\u00e0 Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;<em>\u201cTi\u1ebfng Chim\u201d<\/em>, c\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n hai con qu\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh nhau mi\u1ebfng \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ec9a mai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c L\u00ea-nin. Trong chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;<em>Nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam<\/em>, c\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng cho th\u1ee3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n chia hoa h\u1ed3ng cho th\u1ee3 m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u00fd \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt. Trong chuy\u1ec7n&nbsp;<em>\u201cBa \u00d4ng Vua\u201d<\/em>, \u0110o\u00e0n Gi\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5 Phan c\u00f3 \u00fd \u00e1m ch\u1ec9&nbsp;<em>\u201cquan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa Quang Trung v\u00e0 C\u00e0n Long ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa ta v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay,&nbsp;<\/em><strong>m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con d\u00ea<\/strong>\u201c.(Xem Tr\u0103m Hoa \u0110ua N\u1edf Tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t B\u1eafc, trang 94)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c-L\u00eanin, Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. Trong b\u00e0i&nbsp;<em>\u201cTi\u1ebfng H\u00e1t\u201d<\/em>, m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch th\u01a1 ng\u1eafn, Ho\u00e0ng C\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi qua ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>N\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1eafng kh\u0103n tang<br>N\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9a em m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i kh\u00e1t s\u1eefa<br>N\u00e0o ai s\u1ed1ng nh\u1ee5c ch\u1ebft oan<br>N\u00e0o ai tan l\u00eca \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ee9a<br>Nghe ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t n\u00e0y\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y theo&nbsp;<em>\u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cao, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;quy\u1ebft&nbsp;<em>\u201cV\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Giai C\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. V\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eeb H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng cho t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p Trung \u01af\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh, c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu, Ho\u00e0i thanh, Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean&nbsp;<em>\u201ccai v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1m v\u00ed H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh v\u00f4i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i<br>Y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh v\u00f4i<br>C\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng t\u1ed3i<br>C\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng b\u00e9 l\u1ea1i<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i&nbsp;<em>\u201c\u00d4ng B\u00ecnh V\u00f4i\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;trong Giai Ph\u1ea9m M\u00f9a Thu t\u1eadp I, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u&nbsp;<em>\u201cc\u0169ng nh\u01b0 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00fac nh\u00edch, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00f4n th\u1edd s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng \u201c\u00d4ng\u201d<\/em>. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh lu\u00f4n nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdn v\u0103n n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u1eefa. C\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i c\u00f2n ch\u1ecdc qu\u00ea H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 \u00d4ng B\u00ecnh V\u00f4i v\u00ec H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i t\u1ea7y \u0111\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2 \u00f9 l\u1ef3 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ph\u1ee7i tay ch\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed9i thay cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i th\u01a1&nbsp;<em>\u201cNh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o c\u1ee9a c\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft. Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb trong Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 tr\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111i t\u00f9 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc. T\u1edbi khi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111i theo chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m, Ho\u00e0ng C\u1ea7m l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em in m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1954 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n cho c\u00f3 \u201cl\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>\u201cNh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng\u201d<\/em>. Ngay trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n r\u1ea5t k\u00edn khi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng d\u00f9 \u0111em \u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft b\u1ebb b\u00e2ng qu\u01a1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n, \u201cph\u1ea1m h\u00fay\u201d. \u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khung c\u1ea3nh 1954 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve c\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n h\u1eb1n v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecf l\u00f2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tranh Gi\u1ea3m T\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1954, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e9 \u0111\u00f4i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i Nam k\u1ebb \u1edf l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc (ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng gi\u1eefa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00ec cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0), r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3nh b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Nam b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u. C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh 1954 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n \u00fd l\u00ean \u00e1n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh chia \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>T\u00f4i \u0111i gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc<br>\u0110\u1ea5t h\u00f4m nay t\u1ea7m t\u00e3 m\u01b0a ph\u00f9n<br>B\u1ed7ng nh\u00f3i ngang l\u01b0ng, m\u00e1u r\u1ecf xu\u1ed1ng b\u00f9n<br>L\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 t\u00ean n\u00e0o ch\u00e9m tr\u1ed9m?<br>A! C\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u00f9n<br>Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 \u0111au<br>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e9m t\u00f4i l\u00e0m hai m\u1ea3nh<br>\u00d4i c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc! N\u1ebfu m\u00e0 l\u01b0ng t\u00f4i l\u1ea1nh<br>H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebft dao?<br>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 \u0111au!<br>L\u01b0ng T\u1ed5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u00f4m nay r\u01b0\u1edbm m\u00e1u.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0 k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ng\u1eadp trong \u0111i\u00eau linh d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>T\u00f4i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i<br>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u1ed1<br>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0<br>Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u01b0a sa<br>tr\u00ean m\u00e0u c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf\u2026.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cbu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o di c\u01b0, Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n c\u1ea7m b\u00fat ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cH\u1ecd v\u1eabn ra \u0111i<br>Nh\u01b0ng sao b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00e3 r\u1eddi?<br>Sao h\u1ecd kh\u00f3c? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 g\u00ec th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ai c\u00f3&nbsp;<strong>l\u00fd<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u00e0 ai c\u00f3&nbsp;<strong>l\u1ef1c<\/strong>?<br>Ai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin? Ai k\u1ebb ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng tin?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n phang b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u l\u00e0m c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft nh\u1ecbn n\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00d4i! X\u01b0a nay&nbsp;<strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu tin&nbsp;<strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<br>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng kinh ho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<br><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>&nbsp;qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1eed gi\u1ea5y<br><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u1eabn v\u1ed9i \u2013<br><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>&nbsp;ch\u01b0a ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn m\u1ea5y.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1ch t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef l\u1edbn x\u01b0a nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9. Tuy Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m n\u00f3i \u0111\u00edch danh t\u1ed9i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i&nbsp;<em>\u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phong ki\u1ebfn\u201d<\/em>, ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi&nbsp;<em>\u201ckhi qu\u00e2n\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng&nbsp;<em>c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>&nbsp;c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o d\u00e1m l\u00e0m.<br><br>Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng qua t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c&nbsp;<em>\u201cH\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n\u201d<\/em>, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c&nbsp;<em>M\u1eadu D\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c Doanh<\/em>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phi ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t qua b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e3 man qua C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t. Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o quy m\u00f4 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00eann\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft sau khi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y 15-12-1956&nbsp;<em>ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, c\u1ea5m l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch d\u00f9ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee5p m\u0169 t\u1ed9i&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u201cgi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p\u201d c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00f3m&nbsp;<strong>Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m<\/strong>, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng binh, h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Nam b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp k\u1ebft k\u00fd ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ecdi t\u1eebng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u00f2i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u00f3m&nbsp;<strong>Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/em>Sau khi b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u00faa v\u00f5 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. H\u1ed9i v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho ra b\u00e1o V\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00faa v\u00f5 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, b\u00e1o V\u0103n tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo qu\u00e1 khi\u1ebfn ban ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 quay ra ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n Giai Ph\u1ea9m. Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng b\u00e8n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u1eb3ng tay, b\u1eaft 304 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111i ch\u1ec9nh hu\u1ea5n, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i&nbsp;<em>\u201cLao \u0110\u1ed9ng C\u1ea3i T\u1ea1o\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;\u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng thi\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u1eb3ng tay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn V\u0103n H\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn Kinh T\u1ebf qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo g\u1ed3m c\u00f3&nbsp;<strong>c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu h\u00f3a ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1eddn ao, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 c\u1ea5p cao,v.v\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 qua cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1956 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 M\u00e0n I c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5n k\u1ecbch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t.Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u1eeb 1951 \u0111\u1ebfn 1956 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi v\u1ee5 s\u1eeda sai v\u00e0 Phong Tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n \u2013 Giai Ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1ng cho ta ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IV. Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1eb7c \u0110i\u1ec3m C\u1ee7a Giai \u0110o\u1ea1n C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t 1951-1956 \u0110\u01b0a \u0110\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn D\u1ecbch S\u1eeda Sai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m d\u00e0nh gi\u1ef1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2&nbsp;<strong>c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong tay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n,<\/strong>&nbsp;t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh&nbsp;<strong>m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang n\u1ed5<\/strong>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb 1951 t\u1edbi 1956 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn tranh phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc<br>\u2013 Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch M\u00e1c-x\u00edt L\u00eanin-n\u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu ta c\u00f2n nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean&nbsp;<strong>\u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u1ec1&nbsp;<strong>chi\u1ebfn tranh quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1951-1956.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed9ng, \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Gi\u1ea3m T\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh, hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng an, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i N\u00f4ng D\u00e2n, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch\u201d x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng khai gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh x\u00e3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201c\u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch\u201d v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0n tay n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 d\u00e2y m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean minh t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00f3? Theo s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed3i ch\u00e1nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng, trung n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Quan ni\u1ec7m&nbsp;<strong>d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/strong>&nbsp;v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u201cngoan c\u1ed1\u201d nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea5y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn\u201d: ngh\u0129a l\u00e0&nbsp;<strong>T\u1ea1o ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea9 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ng\u1ed3i rung \u0111\u00f9i h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i.&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fai Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1nh Ng\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y ngon \u0111\u1ea5t Kinh Ch\u00e2u (Tam Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ed). \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u201cl\u1ea5y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c mua r\u1ebb ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i chia cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trung n\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n. T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, trong khi \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 500 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p quy \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn tranh phi quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f2n tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh t\u1eeb 400 n\u0103m qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng, qua b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y 30-10-1956 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 Qu\u1ed1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, trong C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a) Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00ec kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i. Khi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t khi m\u1edbm cung cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng vu oan gia h\u1ecda cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3 (nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i ch\u00e1nh vi\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">b) Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 hai: Theo l\u1eddi Lu\u1eadt s\u1ef1 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng: Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con, c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d, ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn d\u00e3 man m\u1edbi c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt tru di tam t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u00e0 con h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng ri\u00eang trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 m\u00e1u, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ch\u00f9m v\u1edbi nhau v\u00ec mang c\u00e1i nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng. \u201cK\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi ph\u1ea1m th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u0103c th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">c) Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 ba: Theo lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201cmu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft \u00e1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ee5c k\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 cung khai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng th\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, \u00edt ra ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng khai ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3\u2026 Khi n\u00eau l\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea5u Gi\u1ea3m T\u00f4 nh\u01b0 anh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e2n thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cM\u1ed9t c\u00e1i s\u1eb9o c\u0169 v\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i c\u00f2n b\u00e9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ebft dao ch\u00e9m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u00e1c \u00f4ng\u2026 Ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u00e3o r\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft t\u00f3c v\u00ec gi\u00e0 hay v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 n\u1eafm t\u00f3c gi\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh\u201d, (xem b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1ebft dao ch\u00e9m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con dao c\u00f3 v\u1ebft m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. V\u00ec b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201c\u0110\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cm\u1edbm cung theo d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n\u201d, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khai lung tung ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 c\u01b0\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 c\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mai h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d) Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: \u201cTh\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, x\u00e9t x\u1eed ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. B\u1ecb t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1edd lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 khi thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1edd lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, khi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i, t\u00f2a ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng, cho b\u1ecb can\u2026 Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tra kh\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 b\u1ecb cn, m\u1edbm cung cho b\u1ecb can, d\u1ecda n\u1ea1t hay d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Th\u1ee7 Ti\u00eau Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n cho t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1edd lu\u00f4n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecd H\u1ed3, t\u00ean ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft: \u2026\u201dTr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 xin r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn Trung \u01af\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u2026\u201d \u201c\u2026l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Th\u1eafng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y\u2026\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh x\u00ed x\u00f3a tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Th\u1ee9 hai: Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu H\u1ed3 Vi\u1ebft Th\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i truy nguy\u00ean ra c\u00e1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t l\u00e0 Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. M\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch M\u00e1c-x\u00edt L\u00eanin-n\u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a bao x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m nay.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 chia cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o. Kh\u00f4ng! Sau khi chia ru\u1ed9ng cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch T\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ed5i C\u00f4ng, H\u1ee3p T\u00e1c X\u00e3 C\u1ea5p Th\u1ea5p, H\u1ee3p T\u00e1c X\u00e3 C\u1ea5p Cao,v.v\u2026 song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf 3 n\u0103m, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf 5 n\u0103m,v.v.. m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 m\u01b0u k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i t\u00e0n s\u00e1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u00dd v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Nh\u1eadt,v.v\u2026 Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f9y theo tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1i \u00dd, t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, sau \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1i \u00dd, t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn, v\u00ec Li\u00ean X\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u00c2u sang \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau n\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee7i tay ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecdng s\u00fang \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H\u1ed3 ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t. T\u1ed9i t\u00e0n s\u00e1t trong C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i \u00e1c t\u00e0y \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m qua. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch xoa d\u1ecbu, x\u00ed x\u00f3a, khi th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sai, khi th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p kinh t\u1ebf, khi th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0n xi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u00fang l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngu xu\u1ea9n gi\u00fap ch\u00fang c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. D\u00e2n ta c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam coi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u201cs\u1eeda sai\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u1edfi m\u1edf\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201ch\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 xi\u1ec7c b\u1ecbp b\u1ee3m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu xu\u1ea9n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3n gi\u00f3 l\u00e0m tay sai cho ngo\u1ea1i bang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/secureservercdn.net\/45.40.148.147\/jkw.64b.myftpupload.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dang_nhandan.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3013\" width=\"197\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dang_nhandan.jpg 400w, https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dang_nhandan-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dang_nhandan-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 197px) 100vw, 197px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3033\">Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o N\u00f4ng Nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3094\">Nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1954<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3100\">Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1eaft m\u00e1u sau 1954<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3104\">M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a H\u1ee3p T\u00e1c H\u00f3a N\u00f4ng Nghi\u1ec7p<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3107\">X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c lu\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm mi\u1ec1n Nam<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00f5 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n &#8211; Tr\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Geneve 1954 l\u00e0 hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Gi\u1ea3m T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi,<span class=\"more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3100\">\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp&#8230;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,57,62,53,60,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-vanhoimoi","post-3100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-chuyenmuc","category-giaoduc-vanhoc-lichsu","category-kienthuctongquat","category-kinhte-chinhtri","category-tacgia_tacpham","category-tai-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3100"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3100\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}