{"id":3486,"date":"2020-07-14T06:06:40","date_gmt":"2020-07-14T06:06:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3486"},"modified":"2020-11-21T02:54:13","modified_gmt":"2020-11-21T02:54:13","slug":"chu-nom-voi-dao-cong-giao-tu-the-ky-xvii-xx","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=3486","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u2013 XX<\/strong>
Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Cung<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Cung<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang ta. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0ng qua \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Tin M\u1eebng theo l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 trong khi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f2n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1eef H\u00e1n trong sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, qua s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng am t\u01b0\u1eddng Nho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i kinh b\u1ed5n, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ghi l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, theo s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do ch\u1eef Nam \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ec7ch \u0111i, \u201cch\u1eef N\u00f4m\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1eef H\u00e1n\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c Trung Hoa.\u201d (Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh, Khoa C\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng, <\/em>t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, An Ti\u00eam xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, Paris, 2002, tr. 126).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 V\u0169 V\u0103n K\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ngo\u00e0i 80 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng Mai Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u2018ghi \u00e2m\u2019, nh\u01b0ng ghi qua vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n tuy nh\u00ecn chung c\u00f3 t\u00ednh qui lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft bao c\u00e1i ngo\u00e0i qui lu\u1eadt, bi\u1ebft bao c\u00e1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua t\u1eebng th\u1eddi, t\u1eebng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. N\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a, ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.\u201d<\/em>(Nh\u00e0 x.b. V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7 TP. HCM, Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc, 1998, trang 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, \u201cch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 qua c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c th\u01b0 <\/em>\u516d\u66f8\u201d. (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, \u0110\u1eb7c san \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, V\u00e0i n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, <\/em>2017, trang 174). Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft : \u201cTrong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a H\u00e1n \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c hay Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t) nh\u01b0 <\/em>\u5bb6\u5ead<\/em> gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>\u793e\u6703<\/em> v.v\u2026, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0\u1ee3n ba trong s\u00e1u c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c th\u01b0 l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u00fd, H\u00ecnh thanh, Gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, do \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 sai kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m.\u201d <\/em>(tr. 174-175).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, trong quy\u1ec3n L\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m <\/em>th\u00ec \u201cch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef kh\u1ed1i vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n Minh \u0111\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra.\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, Nh\u00e0 xb Ng\u00e0y Nay Publishing 2002, tr. 34). \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p T\u00ednh \u6cd5\u6027 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Ch\u1ec9 Nam Ng\u1ecdc \u00c2m Gi\u1ea3i Ngh\u0129a <\/em>\u6307\u5357\u7389\u97f3\u89e3\u7fa9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc in v\u00e0o n\u0103m T\u00e2n t\u1ecb th\u1ee9 22 tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea C\u1ea3nh H\u01b0ng (1761). B\u00e0i t\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cT\u1eeb khi th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n l\u1eadp ra l\u1ed1i ch\u1eef c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c th\u00ec h\u00e3y c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi S\u0129 V\u01b0\u01a1ng sang \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 40 n\u0103m, ra s\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a, gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u1eebng c\u00e2u, h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u01a1 ca qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, gh\u00e9p v\u1eadn l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch Ch\u1ec9 Nam Ph\u1ea9m V\u1ef1ng <\/em>\u6307\u5357\u54c1\u5f59 chia ra th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1 2 quy\u1ec3n\u2026\u201d (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, V\u00e0i n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, \u0110\u1eb7c san \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 60 n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf (1957-2017), <\/em>trang 177).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c (1848-1883), V\u0103n \u0110a c\u01b0 s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Xan \u6587\u591a\u5c45\u58eb\u962e\u6587\u9910 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef <\/em>\u5927\u5357\u570b\u8a9e t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 33 (1880) trong c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n (d\u1ecbch): \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi S\u0129 V\u01b0\u01a1ng (S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Nam b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng B\u1eafc (Trung Qu\u1ed1c); trong s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfng d\u1ecbch \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5, nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u01b0 c\u01b0u\u201d (chim uy\u00ean \u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chim g\u00ec, \u201cd\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0o\u201d (c\u00e2y kh\u1ebf) ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u00ec\u2026\u201d (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr.178).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p c\u00f3 L\u00ea D\u01b0, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ed5ng Chi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 P. Pelliot v\u00e0 L. Cadi\u00e8re cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, d\u1eabn \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y trong s\u00e1ch H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/em>\u6d77\u6771\u5fd7\u7567 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Th\u1eddi S\u0129 \u5433 \u6642 \u4ed5<\/strong> : \u201cNg\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111a d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Thuy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/em>\u201d (v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u00f4ng Thuy\u00ean); l\u1ea1i n\u00eau nh\u1eefng danh s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Thuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n S\u0129 C\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c \u00c2m thi ph\u00fa, <\/em>Chu V\u0103n An c\u00f3 Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef thi t\u1eadp\u2026<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong phong tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh thi ph\u00fa b\u1eb1ng t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 hai \u00f4ng suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean k\u00fd t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sang ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIII (trong \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef (qu\u1ed1c \u00e2m thi) r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 178). Ch\u1eef t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y xin hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec5n Thuy\u00ean, (b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n D\u0169 n\u0103m 819) l\u00e0m b\u00e0i thi \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u00f4ng Ph\u00fa-l\u01b0\u01a1ng (Nh\u1ecb H\u00e0), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean H\u00e0n Thuy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng theo Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p trong L\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>t\u1eadp I, b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u in trong T\u1ee9 D\u00e2n V\u0103n Uy\u1ec3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Thuy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o in l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Can M\u1ed9ng ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f9a ch\u01a1i, ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh in tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Thuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c. Song n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n b\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ed5, th\u01a1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft theo th\u1ec3 H\u00e0n lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Thuy\u00ean.\u201d <\/em>(Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh, S\u0111d, tr. 128).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII l\u00e0 v\u00ec Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1nh di\u1ec7t Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh n\u0103m 791, chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ee7 l\u1ef5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u201cB\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d \u5e03\u84cb\u5927\u738b. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i, s\u00e1ch C\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ee5c<\/em> chua r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u1ed5 t\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 vi\u1ebft B\u1ed1, m\u1eabu vi\u1ebft C\u00e1i\u201d (theo c\u1ed5 t\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta g\u1ecdi cha l\u00e0 B\u1ed1, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 C\u00e1i). H\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1ea5y \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c l\u1ec7 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1n (terminus ad quem) c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, trong cu\u1ed1n Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c-c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o-di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201c Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1ed9 S\u1eed K\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00e9p hi\u1ec7u B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 bia \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng \u1edf x\u00e3 Cam l\u00e2m, huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fac th\u1ecd, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 t\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m Quang Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 3, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1390 \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n Thu\u1eadn-t\u00f4n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00e9p hi\u1ec7u \u1ea5y. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi L\u00ea s\u01a1 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y ch\u00e9p hi\u1ec7u B\u1ed1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110inh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ed3 vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y ch\u00e9p. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef n\u00f4m b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII.\u201d <\/em>(\u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c – c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o – di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn, <\/em>Nh\u00e0 xb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 1975, trang 42).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ee5 S\u1edf Cu\u1ed3ng L\u00ea D\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf hai tri\u1ec1u \u0110inh v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t \u5927\u77bf\u8d8a . \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 179).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chen Ching Ho \u9673\u4eac\u548c (Tr\u1ea7n Kinh H\u00f2a) v\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 m\u00f4n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Keio, Tokyo, Japan, National University Taipei, Taiwan, Soka University Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Saigon, Dalat, Hu\u1ebf \u2026 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf sau khi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u00fd. (Chingho A. Chen, \u201cH\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u1eef N\u00f4m\u201d, <\/em>\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/em>, s\u1ed1 35-36, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, th\u00e1ng 10-12 n\u0103m 1963).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chen, ph\u1ea3i \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh thanh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u201ckh\u1ea3i th\u1ec3\u201d ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng H\u00e1n ng\u1eef l\u00e0m ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a V\u0103n H\u1ef1u, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Hoa (t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i \u201cLu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u0103ng trong Y\u00ean kinh H\u1ecdc b\u00e1o<\/em>, k\u1ef3 14, b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt-b\u1ea3n S\u01a1n-b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i-lang gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong \u0110\u00f4ng-d\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ecdc b\u00e1o<\/em> quy\u1ec3n 22, s\u1ed1 2, n\u0103m 1935. Ch\u00fa th\u00eam c\u1ee7a N\u0110C) th\u00ec ch\u1eef N\u00f4m d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai, theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u1eef \u00e2m h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H. Masp\u00e9ro l\u1ea1i cho bi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qua trung gian c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c (\u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau khi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n ly ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110inh (968-980) v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea (980-1009) \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb n\u1ed9i tranh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 mau ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 L\u00fd (1010-1225) m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u00fd. S\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed <\/em>c\u1ee7a Phan Huy Ch\u00fa c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi b\u00fat t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chen suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u1ea5y th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef trong t\u1ef1 v\u1ef1ng Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 v\u1ef1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1eefa l\u00e0 trong quy ch\u1ebf ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, c\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft thanh ph\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chen \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u00fd.\u201d (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, <\/em>tr. 181).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m khi mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy v\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. L\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00eam trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc hay v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cL\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m\u201d<\/em>, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p (1902-1973) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u00ednh Ng\u00f4 Th\u1eddi Nhi\u1ec7m, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVIII, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201c<\/em>\u2026\u6545\u6211\u570b\u5b57\u8f03\u96e3\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b C\u1ed1 ng\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u nan \u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Cho n\u00ean ch\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc ta so ra kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n ch\u1eef Trung qu\u1ed1c\u2026\u201d . \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1ebf, do s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef ng\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Cho n\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu t\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y v\u1ed1n c\u1ed5 qu\u00ed b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c.\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, S\u0111d, tr. 88)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cNh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 ghi \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trung th\u1ef1c, trong khi ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m d\u1ecb ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 may<\/u> r\u1ee7i v\u1edbi may<\/u> v\u00e1, b\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1<\/u> v\u1edbi v\u00e2ng d\u1ea1<\/u>, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/u> v\u1edbi \u0111u \u0111\u1ee7<\/u>, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng<\/u> v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng<\/u> ch\u1ea5t, v.v\u2026 \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a b\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u2026 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n ch\u00edn, m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eed li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phong t\u1ee5c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v.v\u2026 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi nay c\u1ea7n s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, khai th\u00e1c. <\/em>(\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, b\u0111d, tr. 184)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n k\u00fd th\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u. Theo cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u1edf tr\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng 1186 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khai th\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chen Ching Ho c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201cS\u1edf d\u0129 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ra th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eed li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean lai v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u0103n N\u00f4m, v\u00ec v\u0103n N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam.\u201d <\/em>(\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch, b\u0111d, tr. 183).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chen Ching Ho \u1edf tr\u00ean khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u00e8 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Kh\u1ea3, c\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu B\u00e0i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u00e0y vua\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e0o m\u1ea3\u201d. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u v\u00e8 \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft: \u201cPh\u1ebf (\u0111\u00e0y) vua kh\u00f4ng Kh\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng B\u00e0i\u201d. <\/em>\u00dd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i c\u1ee5 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Kh\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ebf vua Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu B\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 Mah\u00e9 \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ea3 vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ee5 bi\u00ean, <\/em>do Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n Tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, c\u00e2u v\u00e8 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y l\u00e0: \u201cB\u1ecf vua kh\u00f4ng Kh\u1ea3, b\u1edbi m\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng B\u00e0i<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> (Cao T\u1ef1 Thanh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, Nh\u00e0 xb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u2013 V\u0103n ngh\u1ec7, 2012, tr. 779). Ch\u1eef b\u1ecf<\/em> vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef b\u1ed5 <\/em>\u88dc \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ecf, <\/strong>ch\u1eef b\u1edbi<\/em> (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef b\u1edbi <\/em>thay v\u00ec ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e0o<\/em>) vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef b\u00e3i \u64fa \u0111\u1ecdc N\u00f4m l\u00e0 b\u1edbi<\/strong>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean gi\u00fap gi\u1edbi th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1eed (n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef N\u00f4m) \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u n\u00f3i theo \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ean Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a L\u00ea-L\u1ee3i (v\u0103n N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 15) <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed S\u1eed \u0110\u1ecba, s\u1ed1 1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc S\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m (Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u00e3) S\u00e0i g\u00f2n, 1966, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft \u201cn\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i n\u00f4m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sao l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t-ch\u00e2n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t-ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay gi\u00e0 550 n\u0103m.\u201d<\/em> (trang 4). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd b\u00e1u cho gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 v\u0103n N\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII-XX<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo d\u00f5i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u01b0 \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef N\u00f4m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i kh\u00ed c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 17-12-1621 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eeba sai Gaspar Luis ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00edch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc. Cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111eo v\u00e0o c\u1ed5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o. Nay h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc kinh\u2026\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>T\u1eadp I Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh [T\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII], <\/em>Nh\u00e0 x.b. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008, trang 42.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2n t\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd cho n\u00ean \u201cc\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau khi t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111\u00e3 cho so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ngay m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u2018kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. Trong cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u201cCu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong\u201d n\u00e0y, trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 17\/12\/1621, Linh m\u1ee5c Gaspar Luis vi\u1ebft: \u201cCho t\u1edbi nay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t \u0111eo c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o; nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc (nh\u1edd c\u00e1c kinh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft: \u201cCu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m (tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1621) n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd hay ch\u01b0a; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t \u00edt b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cho t\u1edbi nay, ch\u01b0a ai t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Linh m\u1ee5c Rhodes xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf R\u00f4ma n\u0103m 1651.\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, trang 185).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1621 do c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Linh M\u1ee5c Buzomi v\u00e0 Francisco de Pina \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi H\u1ed9i an n\u0103m 1616, g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1621, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cth\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng\u201d trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u1eef N\u00f4m n\u00e0y, Linh M\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cL\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d <\/em>cho bi\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 4-1627, cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf v\u00f9ng An V\u1ef1c v\u00e0 V\u00e2n N\u00f4, t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, Thanh H\u00f3a, r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2n t\u00f2ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u00e3i 85 tu\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, gi\u1ecfi N\u00f4m, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1edd C\u1ee5 ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Cha \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch kinh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m do cha F.de Pina so\u1ea1n \u1edf H\u1ed9i An kho\u1ea3ng 1620-1625? (D\u0169ng L\u1ea1c. Net, 12\/31\/2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh vua ch\u00faa, quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c cao n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hay tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Linh m\u1ee5c Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Xuy\u00ean c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cV\u00e0o n\u0103m 1627, khi ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng<\/em>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, \u201cch\u1ecb ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng\u201d gia nh\u1eadp Ki-t\u00f4-gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Catarina. B\u00e0 n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi ph\u00fa. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u01a1, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i, t\u1eeb t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba cho t\u1edbi Ch\u00faa th\u0103ng-thi\u00ean (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, tr. 164) v\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u2026\u201d <\/em>(Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Xuy\u00ean, Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc trong \u201cPh\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y\u201d c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0110\u1eafc-l\u1ed9, <\/em>T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc, S\u1ed1 1, N\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, Th\u00e1ng 2 \u2013 1961, tr. 55). \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u01a1 N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o do m\u1ed9t n\u1eef s\u0129 vi\u1ebft. Ti\u1ebfc thay t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef s\u0129 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, <\/em>nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Khi\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft \u201cb\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Ca-ta-ri-na, em ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef thi s\u0129, so\u1ea1n quy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su b\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 n\u00f4m\u201d (Rhodes, Histoire du royaume de Tonkin, tr. 26.) <\/em>(Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Khi\u00eam, Tinh Vi\u1ec7t V\u0103n \u0110o\u00e0n, 1959, trang 76).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c th\u1eeba sai nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ngay th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Girolamo Maiorica \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi theo \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, \u0110\u1ea1o trung t\u00f9y b\u00fat<\/em>, Nh\u00e0 x.b. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, 2008, trang 28).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Girolamo Maiorica, Linh m\u1ee5c Thanh L\u00e3ng cho bi\u1ebft tuy kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra bi\u00ean t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1631-1645. Girolamo Maiorica l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd sinh t\u1ea1i Napoli, gia nh\u1eadp D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u0103m 1605, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1619 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai sang Goa \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1623, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Goa qua Macao, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng H\u1ed9i an v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 5 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1629 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1631, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u B\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o nha m\u00e0 v\u00e0o B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u. G. Schurhammer cho bi\u1ebft Maiorica ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 27.1.1656. Trong th\u1eddi gian theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, LM Thanh L\u00e3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m do c\u00f4ng Maiorica bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p. (Thanh L\u00e3ng, Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef,<\/em> T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/em>, s\u1ed1 1, Th\u00e1ng 2, 1961, trang 10.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Majorica th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Paris v\u1edbi 14 nhan \u0111\u1ec1. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng T\u00ean th\u00ec Majorica \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n 48 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do Majorica bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft th\u1eb3ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m hay \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu th\u00f4ng Nho v\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi N\u00f4m ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i? (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>T\u1eadp I Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh [T\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII], <\/em>Nh\u00e0 x.b. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008, trang 1860). T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Majorica, t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Linh m\u1ee5c Nguy\u1ec5n H\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t cho nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n k\u00e8m theo b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch \u201cl\u01b0u h\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9\u201d. (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, trang 185).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u201cCh\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Th\u00e1i Gia K\u1ef3, trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cCh\u1eef H\u00e1n, Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\u201d <\/em>(Philadelphia, 2018) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \u201cNgay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n ca c\u1ee7a Ly Y \u0110oan vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1670, d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.\u201d<\/em> (trang 122). \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba ch\u1eef \u201cs\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n ca\u201d v\u00e0 t\u00ean Ly Y \u0110oan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00e1ch nay c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng hay d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cS\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n c\u0169\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc (Old Testament) v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc (New Testament) c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac \u00c2m (hay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng). (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, \u0110\u1ea1o trung t\u00f9y b\u00fat<\/em>, Nh\u00e0 xb. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, 2008, tr. 147). C\u00f2n t\u00ean Ly Y \u0110oan v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00ean L\u1eef-Y \u0110oan m\u00e0 \u00f4ng Th\u00e1i Gia K\u1ef3 vi\u1ebft sai, l\u00e0 Louis \u0110o\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng cao tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Lambert \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong phong ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1676. (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>T\u1eadp I, Nh\u00e0 xb.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2008, tr. 233). Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 L\u1eef Y \u0110oan trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o (Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XVII \u2013 XIX)<\/em> do Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Khoa Ng\u1eef V\u0103n, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u00e0i \u201c\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u\u201d V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch c\u0169 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Gi\u00e1o S\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung vi\u1ebft: \u201cS\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n ca\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y c\u1ea3 L\u1eef Y \u0110oan (1670) nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u00f4m hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn v\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f3a (Tam gi\u00e1o, v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian, v.v\u2026) \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 Kinh Th\u00e1nh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n n\u00f4m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, XIX.\u201d<\/em> (trang 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Lambert \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t phong ch\u1ee9c : -n\u0103m 1668 cho hai linh m\u1ee5c Giuse Trang v\u00e0 Luca B\u1ec1n; -n\u0103m 1672 cho linh m\u1ee5c Manuel B\u1ed5n; – n\u0103m 1676 cho Linh m\u1ee5c Louis \u0110o\u00e1n hay L\u1eef Y \u0110oan. B\u1ed1n linh m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai D\u00f2ng T\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, c\u00e1c kinh b\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecdc trong th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i l\u00e2u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp kinh s\u00e1ch, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m cu\u1ed1n trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris \u1edf Ph\u00e1p (Mission \u00c9trang\u00e8re de Paris), trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m do Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Girolamo Maiorica, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII (T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/em>, s\u1ed1 1, th\u00e1ng 2\/1961, tr. 5; Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, \u0110\u1ea1o trung t\u00f9y b\u00fat,<\/em> Nh\u00e0 xb. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, 2008, tr. 188). C\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (kho\u1ea3ng 48 cu\u1ed1n) m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Paris (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nh\u00e0 xb. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr. 185).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, linh m\u1ee5c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c hay b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u00fac nho C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c (Pigneau de B\u00e9haine) vi\u1ebft Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1o Y\u1ebfu L\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, <\/em>b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1774, Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Taberd bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n T\u1ef1 v\u1ecb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t-Latinh<\/em> h\u01a1n 900 trang (t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai N\u01b0\u1edbc Ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Paris) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Linh m\u1ee5c Phan V\u0103n Minh. Trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Latinh ra, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u00ec ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m, c\u00f2n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u00ec tuy kh\u00f4ng ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u00f4ng cha ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c. (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 190).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong quy\u1ec3n Hoa tr\u00e1i \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Alexandre de Rhodes (1593-1660) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng T\u00ean t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Klaus Schatz vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201cCh\u1eef N\u00f4m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c Trung Hoa. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1620 \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c.\u201d<\/em>(Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng Lam d\u1ecbch, Nh\u00e0 xb.\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, 2015, tr. 210). Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cha Francisco de Pina, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3m Dinh Chi\u00eam (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Linh m\u1ee5c Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ed3ng trong quy\u1ec3n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cha vi\u1ebft cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1ed5n<\/strong> c\u1ee7a cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, in \u1edf Roma, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai th\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng vi\u1ebft ra ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0y vi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cha Buzomi v\u00e0 De Pina cho ra \u0111\u1eddi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n, Qui Nh\u01a1n, hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cha \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Ng\u1eafm 15 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu\u2026 Ho\u1eb7c do ch\u00ednh th\u1eeba sai vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a cha Majorica, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cha c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng.\u201d <\/em>(Quy\u1ec3n I, Nh\u00e0 xb. Hi\u1ec7n T\u1ea1i, 1959, tr. 294).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n \u201cch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u00ec h\u1ecd (c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u) ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m cho l\u00e0 m\u00e1ch qu\u00e9, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nho s\u0129 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ta, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 cao kho t\u00e0ng H\u00f2a v\u0103n (ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt). Khi vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1edf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ngay ch\u1eef N\u00f4m (nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Girolama Maiorica, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft, in v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef N\u00f4m cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 204).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 danh t\u1eeb trong c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La tinh hay B\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o nha, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201cc\u00e2u-r\u00fat\u201d t\u1eeb ch\u1eef crux <\/em>nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, <\/em>ch\u1eef evangelium th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef ph\u00fac-\u00e2m, <\/em>ch\u1eef Spiritus Sanctus \u0111\u1ed5i ra th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n <\/em>do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a C\u1ed1 linh m\u1ee5c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00edch \u1edf Hu\u1ebf (\u0110o\u00e0n Kho\u00e1ch bi\u00ean t\u1eadp, S\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00ecnh Thi T\u1eadp c\u1ee7a J.M. TH\u00cdCH, <\/em>Thanh T\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, California, 2001, trang 335), ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1eef bispo (ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3) ra ch\u1eef v\u00edt-v\u1ed3 (r\u1ed3i gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c) ch\u1eef N\u00f4m th\u00ec d\u00f9ng hai ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u201cvi\u1ebft v\u00f4\u201d \u66f0\u7121 nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cv\u00edt v\u1ed3\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201cpha-pha\u201d (v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o t\u00f4ng \u1edf R\u00f4ma, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, La-tinh v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cpapa\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 40, 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 Tam T\u00f2a c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi, Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Kinh L\u1ec5 \u0110\u00e8n trong Tu\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh, Kinh \u0110\u00e0ng Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m do c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i trong l\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n \u201cthan, g\u1eabm\u201d. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng quen v\u1edbi kinh s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ee5 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p trong ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n L\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, <\/em>c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m nh\u01b0ng theo c\u1ee5 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m chua s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef La-tinh nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a G\u00e9nibrel, c\u1ee7a Tabert hay c\u1ee7a Paulus Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng<\/em>\u201d\u2026 c\u00f2n \u201cnh\u1eefng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta l\u1ef1a l\u1ecdc m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra th\u00ec th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00fang qu\u00e1\u201d. <\/em>(Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, trang 89).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201cL\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/em> gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Xin th\u01b0a hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n hay l\u00e0 do nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00ec m\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c; hai l\u00e0: tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi ra th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef do h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft thi v\u0103n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam.\u201d<\/em> (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 207).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc t\u00fac nho gi\u1ecfi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m (h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u lai n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u), th\u00ec sao g\u1ecdi \u201cch\u1eef n\u00f4m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u00f4m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u201d? Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u00f4ng nh\u00e0 nho trong phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n Th\u00e2n, khi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i h\u1ecbch \u201cb\u00ecnh T\u00e2y s\u00e1t T\u1ea3\u201d, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i h\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00fa t\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ea5n, \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u01b0 Mai \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khinh ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, coi ch\u1eef n\u00f4m l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f4m na m\u00e1ch qu\u00e9\u201d ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m, cho n\u00ean trong b\u00e0i h\u1ecbch V\u0103n Th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0: \u201cC\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n th\u00ec x\u01b0ng Tr\u1eddi, x\u01b0ng Th\u00e1nh, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111ui \u0111i\u1ebfc ngu si; Gi\u1ea3ng rao th\u00ec v\u00f4 ph\u1ee5 v\u00f4 qu\u00e2n, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i d\u00ea lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3.\u201d <\/em>\u201cV\u00f4 ph\u1ee5\u201d, \u201cv\u00f4 qu\u00e2n\u201d theo Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ea5n, \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u01b0 Mai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn vua, \u0111\u1ebfn cha, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1edd k\u00ednh cha m\u1eb9 trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ebfu gia \u0111\u00ecnh. (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, S\u0111d, tr. 102, M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft \u2018tam ph\u1ee5\u201d<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo th\u00f3i quen, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 trong khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n do \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1o S\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, trong cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1o trung t\u00f9y b\u00fat <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1eadt hay. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cTrong s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o y\u1ebfu l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/u>, do \u0110\u1ee9c Cha B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c (Pierre Pigneau de B\u00e9haine) so\u1ea1n, th\u00ec b\u1ea3n N\u00f4m vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef r\u1ed7i <\/strong>b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafp n\u1ed1i ch\u1eef l\u1ed7i<\/strong><\/em>\u78ca<\/em> (ba ch\u1eef th\u1ea1ch) v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u <\/em>\u53e3<\/em> \u1edf b\u00ean t\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00f4m Ph\u00e9p D\u00f2ng ch\u1ecb em m\u1ebfn c\u00e2u r\u00fat \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu<\/u>, do \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Ph\u01b0\u1edbc (Paul Puginier) cho kh\u1eafc in n\u0103m 1869, th\u00ec ch\u1eef r\u1ed7i<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p ch\u1eef l\u1ed7i <\/strong><\/em>\u78ca<\/em> \u1edf b\u00ean h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef sinh <\/em>\u751f<\/em> \u1edf b\u00ean t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef sinh<\/strong> b\u00ean t\u1ea3 m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb cao minh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef sinh <\/strong>thay ch\u1eef kh\u1ea9u<\/strong> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1eeba h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed7i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng! C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef r\u1ed7i<\/strong> m\u00e0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng thanh nh\u00e0n, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i! C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef N\u00f4m bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i h\u1ed9i \u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u00e2m th\u00fay, ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La-tinh kh\u00f4ng sao s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d <\/em>(Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, S\u0111d, trang 122).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc N\u00f4m v\u00e0 H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t<\/em> c\u1ee7a Linh m\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7n hay s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/em> c\u1ee7a V\u0169 V\u0103n K\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef r\u1ed7i <\/strong>l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef l\u1ed7i \u78ca<\/em> l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00e0i thanh ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 \u99ac, khi d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 t\u00e2m\u5fc4 hay b\u1ed9 th\u1ee7y\u6c35ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u \u53e3 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Nh\u01b0ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1eef r\u1ed7i <\/strong>k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 GS Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n To\u00e0n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, th\u1ea5m th\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 trong kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Cung<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Philadelphia, M\u00f9a L\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp Hoa K\u1ef3, July 4-5\/ 2020<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Cung, c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f3a I Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e1n H\u1ecdc (1959-1962, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc S\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Ban S\u1eed \u0110\u1ecba (1965), Cao h\u1ecdc S\u1eed h\u1ecdc (1974), C\u1ef1u D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u VNCH \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, t\u00f9 CS 13 n\u0103m ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc (Hu\u1ebf), Ph\u1ed5 Th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 B\u00e1ch Khoa (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Li\u1ec7t Truy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n Bi\u00ean, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, d\u1ecbch chung 4 cu\u1ed1n, nh\u00e0 Khai Tr\u00ed xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1974.; M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y do Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb 1998-2006: Trong c\u00f5i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u01a1), Di\u00ean L\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn C\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e2n (2002), H\u1ed3i k\u00fd H\u1ed3ng Minh L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Tu\u1ea5n (nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc), L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f9ng cao qua V\u0169 Man T\u1ea1p L\u1ee5c Th\u01b0, (1998), Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh ch\u00edn tr\u0103m n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i. S\u00e1ch s\u1eafp in: S\u1eed trung lu\u1eadn b\u00fat\u2026\u200b<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: VOA Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.voatiengviet.com\/a\/chu-nom-dao-cong-giao-xvii-xx\/5491815.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Cung Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3583,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,57],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-ntviet","post-3486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-chuyenmuc","category-giaoduc-vanhoc-lichsu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3486"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3486\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}