{"id":5054,"date":"2020-09-10T07:19:19","date_gmt":"2020-09-10T07:19:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=5054"},"modified":"2021-07-22T16:07:22","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T16:07:22","slug":"hoa-ky-la-mot-quoc-gia-cong-hoa-chu-khong-phai-dan-chu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=5054","title":{"rendered":"Hoa K\u1ef3 L\u00e0 M\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c Gia C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9 Kh\u00f4ng Ph\u1ea3i D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7<\/strong>
-S\u01a1n H\u00e0<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

S\u01a1n H\u00e0 (July.2020)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ed1ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd ta t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m sao ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Ranh gi\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t? Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam. M\u00f9a b\u1ea7u c\u1eed 2020 n\u0103m nay \u0111\u00e3 cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam, c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0103n thua \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00fang Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Li\u00ean Bang C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0. G\u1ed3m c\u00f3 50 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 li\u00ean bang, c\u00f3 Th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai ng\u00e0nh T\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 L\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eafc \u00edt ai bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng McManus \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, \u201c<\/em>Many Americans would be surprised to learn that the word \u201cdemocracy\u201d does not appear in the Declaration of Independence or the U.S. Constitution. Nor does it appear in any of the constitutions of the 50 states<\/em>\u201d.<\/em>  D\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: \u201cNhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u2018democracy\u2019 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0o trong 50 ti\u1ec3u bang \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d. \u00d4ng McManus c\u00f2n n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 tr\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng cho Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. John F. McManus (1931-2020), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a John F. McManus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 Hoa K\u1ef3 khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00fang Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean bang C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 Do, An Ninh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean Bang Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e0nh L\u1eadp Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1783, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ea9y lui c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00f2n non y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Cho n\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1787, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb 12 trong 13 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i Philadelphia \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft n\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. Theo John F. McManus, Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00ean ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton v\u00e0 John Jay \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 The Federalist Papers<\/em>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 13 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p; r\u1ed3i m\u01b0\u1eddi Tu Ch\u00ednh \u00c1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n (Bill of Rights). Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang (Bill of Limitations on Government). D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u0103ng theo th\u1eddi gian, r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ti\u1ec3u bang, sau khi ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o li\u00ean bang, l\u00ean t\u1edbi 50 ti\u1ec3u bang nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John F. McManus \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf ban cho. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u00e0, c\u00e1c Tu Ch\u00ednh \u00c1n nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Tu Ch\u00ednh \u00c1n s\u1ed1 1 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 2 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt h\u00f2ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed\u2026 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n hay x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gia s\u1ea3n T\u1ef1 Do<\/strong> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1i G\u00ec Gi\u00fap Cho Hoa K\u1ef3 V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i so c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean phong ph\u00fa? -Kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1eddi ban cho \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n? -Kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? – C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, m\u00e0 l\u00e0: ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e8o l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0a Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ec7ch qua h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 Do C\u00e1 Nh\u00e2n<\/strong>: t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, t<\/strong>\u1ef1 do <\/strong>s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, <\/strong>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1<\/strong> do <\/strong>gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 do m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra.<\/strong> N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho nh\u00fang tay qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 Hay D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra c\u00e1c l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0. Ho\u1eb7c, h\u00e3y y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9  c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n, t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp, m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 (Republican party) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 (Democratic party). B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1i d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9,\u2026 r\u1eddi xa c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng v\u1eady. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7: Thay \u0110\u1ed5i, C\u1ea5p Ti\u1ebfn<\/em>. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00ec h\u00e1m l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n, mong ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfm c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p, T\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 L\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n li\u00ean h\u1ec7, l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 Do C\u00e1 Nh\u00e2n: <\/strong>t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, t<\/strong>\u1ef1 do <\/strong>s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, <\/strong>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1<\/strong> do <\/strong>b\u1ea3o<\/strong> v\u1ec7 <\/strong>th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 do m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra<\/strong>. N\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng \u00edt t\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu: C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7. V\u00e0i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0<\/em> th\u00ec tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 y\u00ean cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eaft b\u1edbt thu\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7<\/em> \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u00f2i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 chia \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00ecnh l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, thu th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. To\u00e0n nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nu\u1ed1t l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u00f3i v\u1eady v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ra sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng John F. McManus gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1eef Democrat \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p: demos c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 \u201ckratein\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb. Democracy l\u00e0 \u201cquy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\u201d hay \u201clu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1\u201d. Nghe qua c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y nh\u00e0, l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, b\u1eaft con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ta th\u00ec ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 th\u00ec sao? C\u0169ng theo John F. McManus, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef La Tinh, \u201cRes\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1eadt\u201d, \u201cPublica\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Republic c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t C\u00e2u Chuy\u1ec7n, Hai Ho\u00e0n C\u1ea3nh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

John F. McManus k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 30 tay s\u00fang truy l\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tay s\u00fang \u0111ang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd r\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n treo c\u1ed5 tay s\u00fang \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c kia. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu 30\/1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh treo c\u1ed5 tay s\u00fang \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Democracy. V\u1eady, C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 (Republican) th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u0169ng 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y truy l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tay s\u00fang \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c kia. Khi h\u1ecd s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n treo c\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n th\u00ec vi\u00ean C\u1ea3nh S\u00e1t Tr\u01b0\u1edfng (Sheriff) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ra to\u00e0 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111em nghi can v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m giam. Sau khi phi\u00ean to\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n \u00e1n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec nghi can s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. \u1ede th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111a s\u1ed1, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samuel Adams, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 l\u1eadp n\u00ean li\u00ean bang Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd trong Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: \u201c<\/em>D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i bao l\u00e2u<\/em>, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 – M\u1ed9t N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng Kh\u00f4ng \u1ed4n \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u xem th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i th\u1eddi 600 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt gia Solon l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Hy L\u1ea1p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng nghe theo. \u0110\u1ebfn khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n La M\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u0111i l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. La M\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, khi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ghen t\u1ef5. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n b\u00e0y ra tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gia c\u01b0. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf trong tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf ra tay ban ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u00edt \u0111i v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. K\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf Caesar. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng Benjamin Franklin l\u00e0 v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 6,  v\u1eeba khi b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n gi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng, \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i t\u1eeb b\u00ean tr\u00e1i sang b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (monarchy) hay \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i (dictatorship) \u1edf c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea7u S\u1ecf (oligarchy) -cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Hitler \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, Mussolini \u1edf \u00dd, Lenin- Stalin \u1edf Nga, Mao c\u1ee7a Trung c\u1ed9ng, Castro c\u1ee7a Cuba, H\u1ed3 ch\u00ed Minh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng,\u2026 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c thi\u00ean t\u1ea3, c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c. Ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 mau t\u00e0n, n\u00ean coi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ba th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea7u s\u1ecf (oligarchy), c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a.<\/li>
  • Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1, c\u0169ng nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i.<\/li>
  • Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3 th\u00ec n\u1eafm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 100% quy\u1ec1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, Nazi, Ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt\u2026 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3m. \u1ede c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec c\u1ea3, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng, Nazi v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n loan truy\u1ec1n. C\u00e0ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n; \u0111i v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng \u00edt quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n (anarchy).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng trung dung l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4n ho\u00e0, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00f4 Ch\u00ednh Ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1eeb \u0110\u00e2u?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u1ef1c h\u1eefu th\u00ec v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (anarchy). C\u00f3 l\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cv\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 g\u00e2y ra. Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch, g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cv\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t r\u1ed3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201ckho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d.  Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ch\u00fang Ta S\u1ebd Ch\u1ecdn Ai?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng hay s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u quan ng\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 (Republican) tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do.<\/li>
    2. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 (Democratic) c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3 theo x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00ecnh l\u1edbn, lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 khi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf: Khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n<\/strong>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 y\u00ean t\u00e2m ra \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd y\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m lo s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y xin \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 Ph\u1ee5 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta g\u00ecn gi\u1eef, l\u00e0m m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, 03 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t – 2020, ta c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2n ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 nhau trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb nay \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 03 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y T\u1ed5ng Tuy\u1ec3n C\u1eed, ch\u1ecdn T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i, cho ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 li\u00ean bang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn ai v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta y\u00ean t\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng li\u00ean bang Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m qua. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecdn ai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      S\u01a1n H\u00e0 \u2013 July.2020<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      S\u01a1n H\u00e0 (July.2020) S\u1ed1ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd ta t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m sao ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2u\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,57,53],"tags":[113,94,283],"class_list":["entry","author-vanhoimoi","post-5054","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-chuyenmuc","category-giaoduc-vanhoc-lichsu","category-kinhte-chinhtri","tag-cong-hoa","tag-dan-chu","tag-lap-quoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5054","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5054"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5054\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5054"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5054"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5054"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}