{"id":5083,"date":"2020-09-14T20:07:14","date_gmt":"2020-09-14T20:07:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=5083"},"modified":"2020-09-19T04:50:23","modified_gmt":"2020-09-19T04:50:23","slug":"ba-tuyet-tac-trong-van-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/?p=5083","title":{"rendered":"BA TUY\u1ec6T T\u00c1C TRONG V\u0102N H\u1eccC M\u1ef8, PH\u00c1P, \u0110\u1ee8C"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

GS \u0110\u00e0m Trung Ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA <\/em><\/strong>
ERNEST <\/em><\/strong>HEMINGWAY<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sinh n\u0103m 1899 t\u1ea1i Illinois, Ernest Hemingway<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m A Farewell to Arms<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 The Old Man and the Sea<\/em>.<\/strong> \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1961 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Idaho. D\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang s\u0103n chim mu\u00f4ng hai n\u00f2ng, Hemingway t\u1ef1 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o tr\u00e1n \u00f3c v\u0103ng tung t\u00f3e, sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m m\u1ea3i m\u00ea \u2013 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ra \u2013 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn, s\u0103n b\u1eafn d\u00e3 th\u00fa, c\u00e2u c\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111\u1ea7y nam t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. V\u0103n phong ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. L\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u00edt m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1, tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c c\u00e2u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p d\u00e0i l\u00f2ng th\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u1ea5y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m hu\u00ea d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u v\u0103n; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u00edt khi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Hemingway: \u201cEvery day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.\u201d<\/em> L\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trung th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i Iceberg Theory<\/em> (L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft B\u0103ng \u0110\u1ea3o) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Hemingway. Theo \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u0103n vi\u1ebft s\u01a1 s\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng trang \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u201cc\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecf l\u1eedng\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ecm d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ra h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u201cb\u1ecf l\u1eedng\u201d \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean. Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c The Old Man and the Sea<\/em><\/strong> c\u0169ngl\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p sau c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hemingway v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i chung. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 gi\u00e0 (mang t\u00ean Santiago) sau g\u1ea7n 3 th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Con c\u00e1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t trong su\u1ed1t 3 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam, k\u00e9o thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Santiago ra tu\u1ed1t ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i Cuba. Sau nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3m nguy v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Santiago kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft con c\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e2y lao d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn (harpoon) \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o tim n\u00f3. C\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t con c\u00e1 v\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn thuy\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o b\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e1u con c\u00e1 h\u00f2a trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7y c\u00e1 m\u1eadp b\u01a1i t\u1edbi, tranh nhau x\u1ec9a h\u1ebft th\u1ecbt n\u00f3. Con c\u00e1 m\u1eadp nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Santiago \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ebft. \u00d4ng c\u1ee5 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng con c\u00e1 c\u00f2n c\u1ed9t v\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n, r\u1ed3i n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c d\u00e0i m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft s\u01a1 s\u00e0i n\u00e0y, vi\u1ebft theo \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o,\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ta th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec Santiago l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t cho \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf \u2013 ba ng\u00e0y v\u1eadt v\u00e3 ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eafc ta \u0111\u1ebfn ba ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Con c\u00e1 m\u1eafc m\u1ed3i c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Santiago h\u00e0m \u00fd nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c. B\u1ea7y c\u00e1 m\u1eadp r\u00f5 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7. V\u00e0 Santiago m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u0169 k\u1ef9 gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb th\u1ebf qu\u00e1 mong manh (vulnerable) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u1eadn.For Whom the Bell Tolls<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1940, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi The Old Man and the Sea<\/em><\/strong>xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1952. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 12 n\u0103m im l\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa hai tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c, Hemingway b\u1ecb v\u0103n gi\u1edbi coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201ch\u1ebft th\u1eddi\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m \u00f4ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a The Old Man and the Sea<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u201cgi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u cho \u00f4ng. William Faulkner (1897-1962, kh\u00f4i nguy\u00ean Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1949) r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 The Old Man and the Sea<\/em><\/strong> v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u Hemingway th\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay thua l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 xem ai l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u201cch\u00ec\u201d (tough) nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1m. Nh\u01b0ng nay Hemingway \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u01a0n Tr\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t (pity) \u2013 nh\u01b0 khi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 Santiago \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn (\u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn to) v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng l\u0169 c\u00e1 m\u1eadp d\u1eef d\u1eb1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng gi\u00e0 Santiago trong truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hemingway m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n d\u1ea1ng th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Gregorio Fuentes<\/em> \u2013 th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t phong s\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n ch\u00ed th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u00e2u c\u00e1 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Con c\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Santiago \u201cc\u00e2u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Atlantic blue marlin<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111ai d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 14 feet v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ng\u00e0n pounds. Con c\u00e1 m\u1eadp d\u1eef d\u1eb1n \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Santiago \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ebft t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 mako shark<\/em>. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 m\u1eadp n\u00e0y b\u01a1i nhanh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee7. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngang ng\u1eeda v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 m\u1eadp great white sharks,<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec7t san LIFE<\/em> th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1952 c\u00f3 tr\u00edch \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a The Old Man and the Sea<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00f3 2 ng\u00e0y th\u00f4i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 5 tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n nguy\u1ec7t san \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n h\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch! Gi\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ca ng\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eddi xanh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 Hemingway \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1954 v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ban tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111\u1ea7y uy t\u00edn: \u201cGi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1954 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Ernest Hemingway<\/em><\/strong> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft v\u0103n ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong The Old Man and the Sea<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n phong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d V\u00e0 ngay n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, v\u1edbi t\u00e0i t\u1eed Spencer Tracy th\u1ee7 vai ng\u01b0 \u00f4ng Santiago m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

___________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DEMAIN, D\u00c8S L\u2019AUBE<\/em><\/strong>
Victor Hugo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp LES CONTEMPLATIONS (Chi\u00eau Ni\u1ec7m) c\u1ee7a VICTOR HUGO (1802-1885) ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng 158 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n vui bu\u1ed3n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft mang l\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0o s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1830 \u0111\u1ebfn 1855 v\u00e0 cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1856. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ghi l\u1ea1i n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au v\u00ec t\u1eed bi\u1ec7t trong Les Contemplations, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 coi b\u00e0i DEMAIN, D\u00c8S L\u2019AUBE (Ng\u00e0y mai, t\u1eeb l\u00fac r\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4ng) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ngay sau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Victor Hugo vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i \u1ea5y trong d\u1ecbp t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 s\u1ef1 qua \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng L\u00c9OPOLDINE. Tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m 12 d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 chia l\u00e0m 3 \u0111o\u1ea1n (strophes) gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb trong s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t s\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed thi h\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn s\u1eafp \u0111i th\u0103m m\u1ed9 c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eddi qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Demain, d\u00e8s l\u2019aube sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng n\u00f3 \u201c\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u201d \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c l\u1eaby l\u1eebng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t thi h\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. Khi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cli\u1ec1u l\u0129nh\u201d n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u201cc\u00f3 c\u01a1 nguy\u201d b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n l\u00e0 d\u00e1m \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00fd t\u1eeb l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p \u2013 traduire, c\u2019est trahir.  V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u1ea5t th\u1ed1 l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n l\u00f2ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y mai, l\u00fac r\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4ng, khi v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng,
Cha s\u1ebd l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Con \u01a1i, cha bi\u1ebft con n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i.
Cha s\u1ebd \u0111i qua r\u1eebng, cha s\u1ebd \u0111i qua n\u00fai.
Cha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u1edf xa con.<\/em>
* * *
Cha s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, m\u1eaft ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u trong suy ngh\u0129,
Kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn quanh, ch\u1eb3ng nghe \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh chi,
C\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng, l\u01b0ng kh\u00f2m tay ch\u1eafp,
L\u00f2ng s\u1ea7u \u0111au, ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi cha s\u1ebd t\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00eam.<\/em>
* * *<\/em>
Cha s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eafm \u00e1nh chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng,
C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh bu\u1ed3m xa th\u1eb3m h\u01b0\u1edbng Harfleur.
V\u00e0 khi t\u1edbi cha s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t cho con tr\u00ean m\u1ed9,
Ch\u00f9m \u00f4 r\u00f4 xanh l\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ea1ch th\u1ea3o tr\u1ed5 hoa.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demain, d\u00e8s l\u2019aube, \u00e0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 blanchit la campagne
Je partirai. Vois-tu, je sais que tu m\u2019attends.
J\u2019irai par la for\u00eat, j\u2019irai par la montagne
Je ne puis demeurer loin de toi plus longtemps.
* * *<\/em>
Je marcherai, les yeux fix\u00e9s sur mes pens\u00e9es,
Sans rien voir au dehors, sans entendre aucun bruit,
Seul, inconnu, le dos courb\u00e9, les mains crois\u00e9es,
Triste, et le jour pour moi sera comme la nuit  
* * *
Je ne regarderai ni l\u2019or du soir qui tombe
Ni les voiles au loin descendant vers Harfleur
Et quand j\u2019arriverai, je mettrai sur ta tombe
Un bouquet de houx vert et de bruy\u00e8re en fleur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea v\u00f9ng Normandie ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a cho bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi n\u01a1i n\u00e0o. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00e2u y\u1ebfm v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1edd mong \u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u0103m chi\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0ng khom v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i tay khoanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a r\u00f5. Qua nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft 10 d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u201c\u0111o\u00e1n\u201d \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 c\u1ee7a hai t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec hai \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng th\u00e2n m\u1eadt \u201cJE\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cTU\u201dr\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p cho ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. (Bu\u1ed3n thay, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u201cl\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u201d l\u1eddi \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec hai \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng \u201cCHA\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cCON\u201d c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c! T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201c\u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i\u201d cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e3i t\u1edbi khi b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng v\u1edbi hai d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 ch\u00f3t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i tim Victor Hugo b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f2 h\u1eb9n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u0103n thi s\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.L\u00e9opoldine l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i y\u00eau d\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi \u201ccon g\u00e1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u\u201d trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t) c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo. B\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi c\u00f4 19 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i trong d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Seine \u1edf kh\u00fac g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf Villequier v\u00ec chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u1eadt. \u00d4ng b\u1ed1 Victor l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111ang du l\u1ecbch v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a con g\u00e1i khi \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i xem nh\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Victor Hugo th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00c0 VILLEQUIER c\u0169ng trong tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Les Contemplations. B\u00ean m\u1ed9 L\u00e9opoldine t\u1ea1i Villequier s\u00e1t b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i c\u00f4 t\u1eed n\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, thi h\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 than th\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng V\u00f4 C\u00f9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf h\u1ee1i! v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y r\u01b0\u1edbm m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u
Trong h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i n\u1ed7i x\u00f3t xa m\u1ed7i l\u00fac ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam s\u00e2u
V\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i ch\u1ecbu thua, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 cam ph\u1eadn<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4 mon Dieu! cette plaie a si longtemps saign\u00e9
L\u2019angoisse dans mon \u00e2me est toujours la plus forte
Et mon c\u0153ur est soumis, mais il n\u2019est pas r\u00e9sign\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demain, d\u00e8s l\u2019aube l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea5t n\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha Victor Hugo vi\u1ebft cho c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i y\u00eau d\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 tr\u1ebb. C\u00e2u k\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t chi\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc ao B\u1ea4T T\u1eec H\u00d3A cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0ng v\u1eafn s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1i n\u1eef L\u00e9opoldine. C\u00f2n g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 to\u00e0n b\u00edch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00f9m \u00f4 r\u00f4 L\u00c1 M\u00c3I XANH M\u00c0U v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m th\u1ea1ch th\u1ea3o HOA MU\u00d4N \u0110\u1edcI N\u1ede \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eaby l\u1eebng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u00e2u y\u1ebfm \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0ng? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thi h\u00e0o Alfred de Musset (1810-1857) r\u1eb1ng \u201cLes plus d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9s sont les chants les plus beaux\u201d (Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t) l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, th\u00ec Demain, d\u00e8s l\u2019aube c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DIE LEIDEN DES JUNGEN WERTHER<\/em><\/strong>
JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe<\/em><\/strong> (1749 -1832) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb v\u0103n s\u0129, thi s\u0129, k\u1ecbch t\u00e1c gia, tri\u1ebft gia, khoa h\u1ecdc gia l\u1eebng l\u1eaby nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c. Trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Goethe, v\u1edf bi k\u1ecbch tr\u00e0ng giang mang t\u00ean Faust<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. Trong \u0111\u00f3 vai ch\u00ednh Faust l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tay \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecbp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng to nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n linh h\u1ed3n cho qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00fa vui v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1 thay, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n thi h\u00e0o Goethe th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c ngh\u0129 ngay t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u tay do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean, mang t\u00ean Die Leiden des jungen Werther <\/em><\/strong>(N\u1ed7i u s\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng trai Werther), d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e2m t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y theo l\u1ed1i \u201cbi\u00ean th\u01b0\u201d ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft theo l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cBriefroman\u201d (\u0110\u1ee9c), \u201cepistolary\u201d (Anh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Leiden des jungen Werther<\/em><\/strong><\/a> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201ccu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh tay ba\u201d bi th\u1ea3m gi\u1eefa ba nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Werther, Albert, Lotte \u2013 v\u1edbi  Werther \u0111\u00f3ng vai ch\u00ednh. Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi ba t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n  to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Werther th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0ng ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng \u00edt h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa, l\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ea7u \u0111a c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Tinh th\u1ea7n Werther thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i vui t\u01b0\u01a1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i u s\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng. Anh \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quay cu\u1ed3ng sau khi g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 m\u00ea c\u00f4 Lotte ngay l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u. Duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang v\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf, Lotte \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Albert l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u00e0ng c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee5c tu\u1ed5i. C\u00f4 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Werther, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4 bi\u1ebft \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh\u201d x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 coi anh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n Albert, v\u1ecb h\u00f4n phu c\u1ee7a Lotte, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u2013 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Werther. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u Werther v\u00e0 Albert kh\u00e1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u1ef1 m\u00ea say v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Lotte c\u1ee7a Werther \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 l\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n. M\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh say \u0111\u1eafm \u201cm\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u\u201d n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch Werther t\u1ef1 t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang m\u00e0 anh m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a Albert, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u0103n b\u1eafn gi\u1ea3i s\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta th\u1eed \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi than th\u00e2n kh\u00f3c ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 Werther*<\/strong> di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Wilhelm th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a anh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0110\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau n\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p y\u00eau n\u00e0ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i y\u00eau n\u00e0ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n r\u1ed3i, y\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ham g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u00e0ng th\u00f4i!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cC\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4m n\u00e0ng. Tr\u1eddi \u01a1i, th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn m\u1ed7i khi th\u1ea5y n\u00e0ng \u0111i qua \u0111i t\u1edbi v\u1edbi bao duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ch\u1ea1m tay \u0111\u1ebfn! Ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0. Tr\u1ebb n\u00edt lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f3 trong tay m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt ch\u00fang nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u00f4i, th\u00ec \u2026.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u201cTr\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eady. V\u00e0 trong bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, khi t\u00f4i ng\u1eafm m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u00f2ng t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng tan n\u00e1t th\u00eam!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1774, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Goethe l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao danh v\u1ecdng l\u00fac m\u1edbi 24 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi. Tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cbestseller\u201d t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, Anh, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia k\u1ebf c\u1eadn. T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai ca ng\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte<\/em><\/strong>, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf y\u00eau v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u00fac tu\u1ea7n du. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m cho tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Sturm und Drang<\/em><\/strong> (cu\u1ed3ng phong v\u00e0 th\u00fac h\u1ed1i), trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1  Selbstausdruck<\/em><\/strong> (t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n). V\u0103n thi s\u0129 th\u1ea3 c\u1eeda th\u1ed1t ra trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u1ea7m k\u00edn nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 vinh quang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ee7 quan t\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201ccu\u1ed3ng phong v\u00e0 th\u00fac h\u1ed1i\u201d n\u00e0y. C\u00e1i tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m ri\u00eang t\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Romantik<\/em><\/strong> (l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n) b\u00ean \u00c2u ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goethe xa l\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra Wertherfieber<\/em><\/strong> (c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t Werther), trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 mang t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng Werther trong truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u2013 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 trong t\u00fai! C\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha g\u00ec l\u1eafm v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Sturm und Drang <\/em><\/strong>v\u00e0 Romantik<\/em><\/strong> sau \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 theo l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Werther, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t\u201d trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n (psychiatrists) ng\u00e0y nay, sau khi quan s\u00e1t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Werther, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u00e0ng m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng \u201cr\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c\u201d (bipolar mental disorder). T\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u201cr\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m\u201d (mania disorder) v\u00e0 \u201cr\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m\u201d (depression disorder), v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (nh\u01b0 l\u00fac Werther ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00ea say theo \u0111u\u1ed5i Lotte, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 n\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u00f4n th\u00ea c\u1ee7a Albert). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh nh\u1eefng u s\u1ea7u, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi (m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Werther \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/i> Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trang \u0110\u00e0m Trung Ph\u00e1p<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

GS \u0110\u00e0m Trung Ph\u00e1p THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA ERNEST HEMINGWAY Sinh n\u0103m 1899 t\u1ea1i Illinois, Ernest Hemingway \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m A\u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp…<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3785,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-ntviet","post-5083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5083"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5083\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanhoimoi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}